服務(wù)政策改革和轉(zhuǎn)型經(jīng)濟(jì)的增長外文翻譯-免費(fèi)閱讀
【正文】 而這些投入的成本占 到了生產(chǎn)總成本的主要份額，并且也成為了企業(yè)競爭力影響的重要因素。不過，可以肯定的是 積極地動(dòng)員儲(chǔ)蓄在投資上的作用，將會(huì)更好地實(shí)現(xiàn)利潤的最大化。各國政府的政策立場作為內(nèi)生變量的一種，影響著服務(wù)貿(mào)易的發(fā)展，對服務(wù)業(yè)有著舉足輕重的地位。中歐和東歐還有波羅的海的國家在服務(wù)業(yè)上雖然整體已經(jīng)有了顯著地提高，不過從歷史數(shù)據(jù)來看，每個(gè)員工在服務(wù)輸出上比起其他一些國家卻有所下降。在服務(wù)業(yè)中， 自 1990年以后，世界上對第三產(chǎn)業(yè)的需求已經(jīng)越來越大，服務(wù)業(yè)增長的趨勢也及其迅速，所以在這種增長的趨勢下對服務(wù)業(yè)來說是需要尋求一種很好的發(fā)展模式。而在這些表現(xiàn)中，轉(zhuǎn)型經(jīng)濟(jì)體之間存在著很大的差異。 7 像馬克思主義思想它主要強(qiáng)調(diào)的是有形（物質(zhì)）的重要性，它是作為經(jīng)濟(jì)發(fā)展的決定因素提出來的。 鮑默爾和福克斯 (Baumol 1967。 Fuchs 1968).Services are increasingly being tradable as a result of the greater mobility of people and technological change. This further increases the scope for specialization in production and trade. The petitiveness of ?rms both domestic enterprises operating on the local market and exporters on international markets—depends importantly on the availability, cost, and quality of producer services such as ?nance, transport, and telemunicates ations. Services industries were generally neglected under central planni thinking emphasized the importance of tangible (material) inputs as determinants of economic development, and classi?ed employment in the services sector as unproductive. The lack of producer services was re?ected in transport bottlenecks, queuing for and low quality of telemunications, the absence of ef?cient ?nancial intermediation, and muchlower employment in services than was the case in OECD countries (less than 1 percent of the labor force was employed in ?nance and insurance). Many of the services that are critical to the functioning of a market economy simply did not exist—not just a ?nancial sector that could allocate investment funds ef?ciently, but also design, advertising, packaging, distribution, logistics, management, after sales services, etc. 2. Shifts in the Structure of Services in Transition Economies The share of services in GDP and employment has grown signi?cantly since 1990 in almost all transition economies. Compared to the high ine OECD average in 1990 when the share of services in employment and GDP was around 63 percent transition countries in Europe and Central Asia (ECA) lagged far behind: services accounted for 30–40 percent of GDP and employment. As of 2020, services shares had increased substantially. The greatest growth is observed in the Baltic States, which have almost converged on the OECD average of 68 percent in terms of GDP shares, although employment shares remain lower (Figure 1). The Central and Eastern European (CEE) countries that acceded to the EU in 2020 have also converged to a large extent. Much less progress has been made by the Central Asian 3 countries, where natural resourcebased activities continue to constitute a major share of GDP. There is also a distinct pattern in labor productivity performance. The CEE,
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