污染控制與墨西哥吸收外商直接投資：一個(gè)產(chǎn)業(yè)層面的分析外文翻譯-免費(fèi)閱讀
【正文】 降低開(kāi)發(fā)東道國(guó)的國(guó)家的環(huán)境法規(guī)可 能不是理想的或是政治上可行的，但是東道國(guó)提高監(jiān)管水平是存在的。我們對(duì)東道國(guó)污染強(qiáng)度信息分析，從而得到不必承擔(dān)其在墨西哥和來(lái)源國(guó)相同污染強(qiáng)度。關(guān)注污染強(qiáng)度時(shí)有用的，因?yàn)樗鼘①Y產(chǎn)和污染進(jìn)行替代，并不需要對(duì)污染稅的數(shù)據(jù)進(jìn)行觀察。當(dāng)經(jīng)濟(jì)范圍內(nèi)的數(shù)據(jù)使用時(shí)，國(guó)內(nèi)生產(chǎn)總值的組成可能隨時(shí)間的改變而改變。在另一方面，隨著新工廠取代了舊工廠，他們都會(huì)因此使用先進(jìn)的設(shè)備和最先進(jìn)的技術(shù)。最近， Eskeland 和 Harrison（ 2020）發(fā)現(xiàn)，減排成本和污染強(qiáng)度不影響外商直接投資進(jìn)入墨西哥，科特迪瓦，委內(nèi)瑞拉和摩洛哥。這里可以說(shuō)是一個(gè)“競(jìng)相殺價(jià)”，其中特別的是發(fā)展中國(guó)家對(duì)世界經(jīng)濟(jì)增長(zhǎng)起到了作用，由于較低的勞工和環(huán)境標(biāo)準(zhǔn)。 Cole and Elliott 2020). This study contributes to the literature on the existence of pollution havens in several ways. First, we use pollution intensities, which follow directly from emission control, as a measure of the stringency of environmental standards (Xing and Kolstad 2020). The focus on pollution intensity is useful since it allows for substitution between capital and pollution and does not require data on unobservable pollution taxes. It is also consistent with actual US policy, which does not impose taxes but rather regulates emissions directly by setting distinct limits that plants must attain (Kunce and Shogren 2020).3 Second, we focus on FDI rather than trade since we consider a developing host country, Mexico, which tests the hypothesis that firms invest there to take advantage of environmental standards which are less strict. Conclusion This study has tested for and quantified a pollution haven effect for the case of Mexico. We investigate whether FDI flows into Mexico are indeed affected by the pollution intensity of production. In spite of recent improvements in laws and enforcement in the wake of NAFTA, looser environmental regulation in Mexico may make it an attractive production location for polluting industries. The existing literature has largely failed to find much evidence of a pollution haven effect, in accordance with the notion that pollution abatement costs simply constitute too small a fraction of total cost to drive location decisions of firms. We improve on and plement the existing literature in several ways. By focusing on pollution intensities rather than abatement cost, we allow for the substitution of pollution and capital and avoid the problem of identifying pollution expenditures. We have information on host country pollution intensities and thus do not need to assume identical pollution intensities in Mexico and its source countries. The availability of detailed FDI information, including the source country of investment, allows us to control for a wide range of determinants of FDI drawn from theory and thus greatly reduces the likelihood of finding spurious correlations. We find that there is indeed evidence of a pollution haven effect. While only a few industries are estimated to have a positive correlation between pollution and FDI flows, these account for a nontrivial share of receiv
畢業(yè)設(shè)計(jì)相關(guān)推薦
鄂ICP備17016276號(hào)-1