【正文】 decision making and other purposes 組織存儲－存儲從組織歷史中獲取的知識，對決策制定和其他活動都是有用的 Preparation Steps for KM Initiatives 知識管理初始準備的步驟 1) Appoint a chief knowledge officer and create a KM strategy that is linked to corporate strategic objectives. 任命一個首席知識官員并建立一個知識管理戰(zhàn)略是與公司戰(zhàn)略目標相關(guān)的 2) Deploy KM technological infrastructure to enable the process of creating, sharing and disseminating knowledge. 配置知識管理技術(shù)的下部組織能夠建立、共享和傳播知識 3) Strengthen top management mitment by showing them successful KM practice in other panies. 通過展現(xiàn)其他公司成功的知識管理經(jīng)驗加強高層管理 4) Develop a culture and reward system of trust and learning to foster collaboration and innovation. Make employees feel fortable sharing knowledge 建立信任的文化氛圍及回報系統(tǒng)，培養(yǎng)協(xié)作和創(chuàng)新。他們判斷并檢驗新知識創(chuàng)造的價值并提出更廣泛的問題： – What are we trying to learn?（ 我們將要學(xué)什么？） – What do we need to know?（ 我們需要知道什么 ?） Middle Managers and Teams (中層管理人員和團隊 ) ? Middle managers provide a conceptual framework that helps frontline employees to make sense of the chaotic market signals ? 中層管理人員提供一個概念框架，以幫助前線員工搞清混亂市場信息的意思。s core knowledge base ? Kao “Surface active science“指導(dǎo)它的產(chǎn)品多樣化，從肥皂、清潔劑到化妝品，到軟盤－一切自然從 Kao的核心知識演化而來 Metaphor ? Analogy ? Model 比喻 ?類推 ?模型 ? Metaphors trigger the knowledgecreation process through intuition and linking conflicting images ? 比喻通過直覺和統(tǒng)一矛盾現(xiàn)象觸發(fā)知識創(chuàng)造過程 ? The next step is analogy, a more structured process of reconciling contradictions. ? 下一步是類推，一個更加結(jié)構(gòu)化的緩和矛盾的過程 ? An intermediate step between pure imagination and logical thinking ? 純想象和邏輯思考的中間一步 ? Why is a beer can a useful analogy for a personal copier? ? 為什么啤酒罐是一個個人復(fù)印機的有用類推？ Beer can and Canon personal copier 啤酒罐和佳能個人復(fù)印機 ? Canon was developing a revolutionary minicopier that is reliable, easy and cheap to make. ? 佳能開發(fā)了一種微型復(fù)印機－可靠、簡單且造價低廉 ? Plan to make the photosensitive copier drum (the source of 90% of all maintenance problems) disposable ? 計劃制造可隨意使用的感光復(fù)印機鼓 ? The team was discussing design problems over some drinks ? 開發(fā)團隊基于一些飲料討論設(shè)計問題 ? [后續(xù) ] Beer can and Canon personal copier 啤酒罐和佳能個人復(fù)印機 ? [續(xù)前 ] ? Tanaka (the team leader) held one of the beer cans and wondered aloud, How much does it cost to manufacture this can?“ ? Tanaka（ 團隊領(lǐng)導(dǎo)）拿著一個啤酒罐，驚異的叫道：“制造這個易拉罐的成本是多少？” ? The question led the team to speculate whether the same process for making an aluminum beer could be applied to the manufacture of an aluminum copier drum ? 這個問題引發(fā)了團隊的思索，能否象制造鋁啤酒罐一樣制造鋁復(fù)印機鼓 Metaphor ? Analogy ? Model 比喻 ?類推 ?模型 ? The last step in the knowledgecreation process ? 知識創(chuàng)造的最后一步 ? More immediately conceivable than a metaphor or an analogy ? 比比喻和類推更直接想到 ? Contradictions get resolved and concepts bee transferable through consistent and systematic logic ? 通過協(xié)調(diào)和系統(tǒng)邏輯，矛盾可以解決、概念可以轉(zhuǎn)化 ? Makes the knowledge available to the rest of the pany ? 使得知識對于公司的其他地方是可利用的 ? Developing lowcost disposable copier drum resulted in new technologies for other office products such as microfilm readers and laser printers ? 開發(fā)低成本的可隨意使用的復(fù)印機鼓，為其他辦公產(chǎn)品引入了一種新技術(shù)，如縮影膠片閱讀器和激光打印機 ? By 1987 – only five years after the minicopier was introduced – 74% of Canon39。 ? Team leader Hiroo Watanabe coined another slogan Theory of Automobile Evolution – to express an ideal. ? 團隊領(lǐng)導(dǎo) Hiroo Watanabe 提出另一個口號－汽車發(fā)展推測－以表達一種理想 ? [后續(xù) ] New Product Development at Honda 本田汽車的新產(chǎn)品開發(fā) ? [續(xù)前 ] ? This led to discussion and debate and yet another slogan Manmaximum, Machineminimum. ? 這些引發(fā)了討論和辯論，還有一個口號－最大人性化，最小機械化 ? Finally, the revolutionary “Tall Boy” Honda City emerged. ? 最后，革命性的“ Tall Boy”橫空出世。 Understanding Tacit Knowledge （ 理解內(nèi)在知識） ? Philosopher Michael Polanyi: We can know more than we can tell.“ ? 哲學(xué)家 Michael Polanyi： ”我們所知比所說要多。s revenues came from its business machines division ? 例：佳能公司推出袖珍復(fù)印機 5年后的 1987年，公司 74％的收入來自商業(yè)機器分公司 ? Formal KM is originated in consulting firms ? 真正的知識管理開始于咨詢公司 Definition （ 定義） ? Knowledge management is the process that helps anizations identify, select, anize, and capture important information and expertise within the anization and disseminate it to wherever it is needed to enhance anizational effectiveness and innovative potential. ? 知識管理是協(xié)助組織識別、選擇、組織和獲取組織中的重要信息及專門技術(shù)的過程，并且將獲取的信息和專門技術(shù)應(yīng)用到組織中，以提高組織效率和創(chuàng)新潛力 ? Research on Knowledge Creation pioneered by Professors Nonaca and Takeuchi of Japan ? 日本的 Nonaca和 Takeuchi教授是研究知識創(chuàng)造的先驅(qū) Types of Knowledge and Modes of Knowledge Creation 知識類型和知識創(chuàng)造的方式 Types of Knowledge（ 知識的類型） ? Tacit knowledge implicit, resides in experts39。 heads, highly personal, difficult to municate. ? 內(nèi)在知識－隱藏、存在于專家的頭腦中，非常私人的、很難交流?！? ? Deeply rooted in action and in an individual39。 Metaphor ? Analogy ? Model 比喻 ?類推 ?模型 ? The Honda case shows how Japanese panies use figurative language and symbols in product development process（ 本田汽車的例子展示了日本公司在產(chǎn)品開發(fā)過程中如何使用比喻方式和符號） ? A Metaphor may have multiple meanings or appear logically contradictory, but help to merge different areas of experience within a single, image or symbol. ? 比喻可能造成多意或出現(xiàn)邏輯矛盾，但能將不同領(lǐng)域的經(jīng)驗統(tǒng)一成一個簡單、形象和符號的。s revenues came from its business machines division ? 1987年，微型復(fù)印機開發(fā)后的 5年后，佳能 74％的收入來自商業(yè)機器分公司 ? Proof the knowledge is a form of capital. ? 證明了知識是資本的一種形式 Strategic Impact of Knowledge Creation at Canon 佳能知識創(chuàng)造的戰(zhàn)略影響 Creating knowledge in Organizations via Redundancy 通過冗余在組織中創(chuàng)造知識 ? The fundamental principle of anizational design in knowledgecreating panies is redundancy in knowledgecreating responsibilities. ? 知識創(chuàng)造型公司的組織設(shè)計的基本原則是知識創(chuàng)造職責的冗余 ? At Canon, a team is divided into peting groups to develop a variety of approaches and perspectives principle of internal petition. ? 在佳能，一個團隊分成兩個互相競爭組，按不同的方法和觀點發(fā)展－內(nèi)部競爭法則 ? May be wasteful in the short run, but new ideas proli