【正文】 are expected to hold at least three different jobs in any given tenyear period ? Kao公司，一家日本的消費品制造企業(yè)，它的員工總被期望在任意 10年中至少從事三份不同的工作 ? Researchers often retire from the RD department by the age of 40 in order to transfer to other departments such as marketing, sales, or production ? 研究人員一般在 40歲時從 RD退休， .投向其他部門，如市場、銷售和產(chǎn)品 Free Access of Information 自由訪問信息 ? A third way to build redundancy ? 建立冗余的第三種方法 ? When information differentials exist, members of an anization can no longer interact on equal terms, which hinders the search for different interpretations of new knowledge ? 當不同信息存在時，組織成員將不再受相當條件的制約，這些條件是阻止搜索新知識的不同解釋的 ? Kao does not limit access to information among employees. All pany information (with the exception of personnel data) is stored in a single integrated database, open to any employee regardless of position ? Kao在公司員工中不對信息訪問加以限制。他們判斷并檢驗新知識創(chuàng)造的價值并提出更廣泛的問題： – What are we trying to learn?（ 我們將要學什么？） – What do we need to know?（ 我們需要知道什么 ?） Middle Managers and Teams (中層管理人員和團隊 ) ? Middle managers provide a conceptual framework that helps frontline employees to make sense of the chaotic market signals ? 中層管理人員提供一個概念框架，以幫助前線員工搞清混亂市場信息的意思。 ? [后續(xù) ] Middle Managers and Teams (中層管理人員和團隊 ) ? [續(xù)前 ] ? Team leaders are typically middle managers who synthesize the tacit knowledge of both frontline employees and senior executives, make it explicit, and incorporate it into new technologies and products ? 團隊領導是典型的中層管理人員，他們綜合前線員工和高級管理人員的內(nèi)在知識，使其外在化，并將其融合入新產(chǎn)品和技術中。 Implementing knowledge management (KM) 執(zhí)行知識管理 Implementing knowledge management (KM) 執(zhí)行知識管理 1) Knowledge management concepts（ 知識管理的概念） 2) Preparation for KM initiatives（ 知識管理的初始準備 ） 3) Knowledge management strategy（ 知識管理戰(zhàn)略） 4) Elements of KM practice（ 知識管理實踐的基礎） 5) KM technologies（ 知識管理技術） 6) Case studies （ 示例學習） Knowledge Management Concepts （ 知識管理的概念） Organizational learning Creation of new standard operating procedures and business processes that reflects anizations’ experiences 組織學習－建立反映組織經(jīng)歷的新的標準化運作程序和商業(yè)過程 Knowledge management The set of processes developed in an anization to creates, gathers, stores, maintains, and disseminates knowledge 知識管理－在組織中發(fā)展的商業(yè)程序是為了建立、聚集、存儲、維護和傳播知識 [后續(xù) ] Knowledge Management Concepts （ 知識管理的概念） [續(xù)前 ] Best Practices Successful solutions or problemsolving methods developed by specific anization or industry 最好的實踐－由專門的組織或行業(yè)提出的成功解答或解決問題的方法 Organizational Memory Stored learning from anization’s history that can be used for decision making and other purposes 組織存儲－存儲從組織歷史中獲取的知識，對決策制定和其他活動都是有用的 Preparation Steps for KM Initiatives 知識管理初始準備的步驟 1) Appoint a chief knowledge officer and create a KM strategy that is linked to corporate strategic objectives. 任命一個首席知識官員并建立一個知識管理戰(zhàn)略是與公司戰(zhàn)略目標相關的 2) Deploy KM technological infrastructure to enable the process of creating, sharing and disseminating knowledge. 配置知識管理技術的下部組織能夠建立、共享和傳播知識 3) Strengthen top management mitment by showing them successful KM practice in other panies. 通過展現(xiàn)其他公司成功的知識管理經(jīng)驗加強高層管理 4) Develop a culture and reward system of trust and learning to foster collaboration and innovation. Make employees feel fortable sharing knowledge 建立信任的文化氛圍及回報系統(tǒng)，培養(yǎng)協(xié)作和創(chuàng)新。 Knowledge Management Strategy 知識管理戰(zhàn)略 ? Driven by pany39。這要求全面的“知識對象”電子知識庫，以方便的重復使用外在知識。這要求加強人與人的交流、電子郵件和視頻會議等，以方便內(nèi)在知識的交換。s more than 40 practice areas has a staff member who helps codify and store documents ? Ernst Young在超過 40個領域有成員，他們幫助成文、存檔 ? Resulting area databases are linked through a work. ? 結果域的數(shù)據(jù)庫通過網(wǎng)絡連接 Codification – Ernst Young 成文化 – Ernst Young ? Randall Love, an Ernst Young partner, was preparing an important bid for a large industrial manufacturer ? Ernst Young 的合作伙伴 Randall Love準備對一個大的工業(yè)制造商的投標計劃 ? He searched the electronic knowledge management repository for relevant knowledge ? 它查找電子知識管理庫以尋找相關知識 ? He found and used several previously developed solutions to develop a presentation on the industry ? 找到并使用以前的幾個解決方案以完成行業(yè)介紹 ? He also found and used propositions that helped him estimate how much money the client would save by implementing the system. ? 同時，還找到并使用相關資料，以幫助預測客戶使用該系統(tǒng)可節(jié)省多少錢 ? [后續(xù) ] Codification – Ernst Young 成文化 – Ernst Young ? [續(xù)前 ] ? Love won the project and closed the sale in two months instead of the typical four to six ? 在 2個月內(nèi)贏得項目并完成交易，而一般需要 4到 6個月 ? He also found programming documents, technical specifications, training materials, and change management documentation in the repository which saved research and development time ? 還在知識庫中找到了設計文檔、技術規(guī)格、培訓材料和變動管理文件，這便節(jié)省了研發(fā)時間 ? Codification saved the team and the client one full year of work ? 成文化為團隊和客戶節(jié)省了 1年時間 Codification: Creating Value for Customers 成文化：為客戶創(chuàng)造價值 – Consultants reuse existing bricks while applying their skills to construct something new – 顧問在創(chuàng)建新事物時可使用已存在的模塊 – Customer benefits because the consultants can build a reliable, highquality information system faster and at a better price than others by using work plans, software code, and solutions that have been finetuned and proven successful – 客戶也從中獲益，這是由于顧問能建立可靠的、高質(zhì)的信息系統(tǒng)，且該系統(tǒng)比其他已很好運行或證明成功的工作計劃、軟件程序和其他解決方案更快、更廉價 Codification: Turning a Profit 成文化：帶來盈利 – Reuse of knowledge saves work, reduces munications costs, and allows a pany to take on more projects － 重復使用知識可簡化工作、減少通信費用且能使公司承擔更多的項目 – Firms such as Andersen Consulting and Ernst Young have been able to grow at rates of 20% or more in recent years – 象 Andersen Consulting 和 Ernst Young等公司近些年都以 20％或更高的速度增長 Codification Managing People 成文化－管理員工 – Ernst Young and Andersen Consulting hire undergraduates from top universities and train them to develop and