【正文】 roduct of a dynamic interaction among three roles ? 創(chuàng)造新知識(shí)是三種角色動(dòng)態(tài)交互的結(jié)果 ? Frontline employees are often caught up in their own narrow perspective and lose sight of the broader context ? 前線員工常為他們自己的狹隘看法所迷惑，而失去對(duì)全局的把握 ? Senior managers articulate metaphors, symbols, and conceptual umbrella that orient the knowledgecreating activities of employees. They judge and test the value of new knowledge created and ask broad questions: ? 高級(jí)管理人員結(jié)合比喻、象征和概念傘，以確定員工知識(shí)創(chuàng)造的方向。s revenues came from its business machines division ? 1987年，微型復(fù)印機(jī)開發(fā)后的 5年后，佳能 74％的收入來自商業(yè)機(jī)器分公司 ? Proof the knowledge is a form of capital. ? 證明了知識(shí)是資本的一種形式 Strategic Impact of Knowledge Creation at Canon 佳能知識(shí)創(chuàng)造的戰(zhàn)略影響 Creating knowledge in Organizations via Redundancy 通過冗余在組織中創(chuàng)造知識(shí) ? The fundamental principle of anizational design in knowledgecreating panies is redundancy in knowledgecreating responsibilities. ? 知識(shí)創(chuàng)造型公司的組織設(shè)計(jì)的基本原則是知識(shí)創(chuàng)造職責(zé)的冗余 ? At Canon, a team is divided into peting groups to develop a variety of approaches and perspectives principle of internal petition. ? 在佳能，一個(gè)團(tuán)隊(duì)分成兩個(gè)互相競(jìng)爭(zhēng)組，按不同的方法和觀點(diǎn)發(fā)展－內(nèi)部競(jìng)爭(zhēng)法則 ? May be wasteful in the short run, but new ideas proliferate and the anization39。s knowledge base in terms of a few key technologies ? NEC “CC” （ 計(jì)算機(jī)和通信），采用幾個(gè)關(guān)鍵技術(shù)術(shù)語對(duì)公司知識(shí)加以分類 ? Kao “Surface active science“ Guided its diversification into products ranging from soap detergents to cosmetics to floppy disks – all natural derivatives of Kao39。 Metaphor ? Analogy ? Model 比喻 ?類推 ?模型 ? The Honda case shows how Japanese panies use figurative language and symbols in product development process（ 本田汽車的例子展示了日本公司在產(chǎn)品開發(fā)過程中如何使用比喻方式和符號(hào)） ? A Metaphor may have multiple meanings or appear logically contradictory, but help to merge different areas of experience within a single, image or symbol. ? 比喻可能造成多意或出現(xiàn)邏輯矛盾，但能將不同領(lǐng)域的經(jīng)驗(yàn)統(tǒng)一成一個(gè)簡(jiǎn)單、形象和符號(hào)的。 [后續(xù) ] Understanding Tacit Knowledge （ 理解內(nèi)在知識(shí)） ? [續(xù)前 ] The activities of a work group or team 一個(gè)工作團(tuán)體或團(tuán)隊(duì)的行為 The kind of informal, hardtopindown skills captured in the term knowhow.“ 專門技術(shù)中非正式的、不受約束性技能的掌握 ? Consists of mental models, beliefs, and perspectives so ingrained that we take them for granted ? 由智力模式、信念和觀念組成，是根深蒂固的、我們必須贊同的 Modes of Knowledge Creation To ? from Tacit Knowledge Explicit Knowledge Tacit Knowledge Socialization Externalization Explicit Knowledge Internalization Combination Socialization (Personalization) 社會(huì)化（人性化） ? From tacit to tacit ? 從內(nèi)在到內(nèi)在 ? Apprenticeship and mentoring ? 學(xué)徒和老師 ? Job rotation between departments ? 部門間的工作輪換 ? Crossfunction project teams ? 項(xiàng)目組的職責(zé)交叉 Internalization（ 內(nèi)在化） ? From explicit to tacit ? 從外在到內(nèi)在 ? Learning by doing (after formal training and explicit instructions) ? 從作中學(xué)（在正式培訓(xùn)和指導(dǎo)后） ? On the job training ? 在工作中鍛煉 Combination（ 聯(lián)合） Externalization（ 外在化） (Codification) （ 成文化） (Articulation)（清晰度） ? From tacit to explicit – process of capturing and transferring of expert knowledge ? 從內(nèi)在到外在－獲取和轉(zhuǎn)化專門知識(shí)的過程 ? Ask experts to develop rules and processes based on their own tacit knowledge ? 要求專家在自身內(nèi)在知識(shí)的基礎(chǔ)上獲取規(guī)則和方法 ? Knowledge engineers or systems analysts interview experts and extract their expertise ? 知識(shí)工程師和系統(tǒng)分析師會(huì)見專家并吸取他們的技術(shù) ? [后續(xù) ] Externalization（ 外在化） (Codification) （ 成文化） (Articulation)（清晰度） ? [續(xù)前 ] ? Employees document problem solving processes and solutions on the job ? 員工記錄工作中解決問題的方法和方案 ? Community of practice (on the Inter), chat groups, etc. ? 實(shí)踐社區(qū)（在 Inter上）、交流團(tuán)隊(duì)等 Four modes of knowledge creation at Matsushita Electric Company Matsushita電力公司的四種知識(shí)創(chuàng)造模式 ? Ikuko Tanaka apprenticed with master baker to learn his skills（ Ikuko Tanaka 為熟練的面包師當(dāng)學(xué)徒以學(xué)習(xí)技能） ? She translated these secrets into explicit knowledge that she can municate to her team members and others at Matsushita（ 她將這些秘密轉(zhuǎn)化成外在知識(shí)，以與她的團(tuán)隊(duì)成員以及與 Matsushita 的其他團(tuán)隊(duì)交流） ? The team then standardized this knowledge, putting it together into a manual or workbook and embodying it in a product（ 團(tuán)隊(duì)將這些知識(shí)標(biāo)準(zhǔn)化，集中起來裝訂成冊(cè)，并應(yīng)用于產(chǎn)品中） ? Through the experience of creating a new product, Tanaka and her team members enriched their own tacit knowledge base（ 在開發(fā)新產(chǎn)品的過程中， Tanaka 和她的團(tuán)隊(duì)成員不斷豐富他們的內(nèi)在知識(shí)） Knowledgecreating Companies 知識(shí)創(chuàng)造型公司 Metaphor ? Analogy ? Model 比喻 ?類推 ?模型 1. To enlarge the creative space and to link contradictory things and ideas through metaphor（ 通過比喻開拓創(chuàng)造空間和統(tǒng)一矛盾事務(wù)及觀點(diǎn)） 2. Resolve these contradictions through analogy（ 通過類推解決矛盾） 3. Crystallize the created concepts and embody them in a model（ 明確創(chuàng)造性觀念并在模型中具體化） New Product Development at Honda 本田汽車的新產(chǎn)品開發(fā) ? “ Let?s gamble” slogan inaugurated the process with a team of young engineers and designers, charged with the development of a newconcept car, not a cheaper version of Civic and Accord. ? “Let?s gamble”開創(chuàng)了新的理念，讓年輕的工程師和設(shè)計(jì)師負(fù)責(zé)新概念車的開發(fā)，而不是那些便宜的大眾汽車和普通汽車?！? ? Deeply rooted in action and in an individual39。例如：產(chǎn)品規(guī)格、科學(xué)公式、計(jì)算機(jī)程序。 heads, highly personal, difficult to municate. ? 內(nèi)在知識(shí)－隱藏、存在于專家的頭腦中，非常私人的、很難交流。Module Knowledge Management 知識(shí)管理 郭 咸 綱 William X. GUO Outline of Topics（ 主題概要 ） ? Importance of knowledge management ? 知識(shí)管理的重要性 ? Origin and Definition ? 起源和定義 ? Types of knowledge and modes of knowledge creation ? 知識(shí)的類型和知識(shí)創(chuàng)造的方式 ? Knowledge creating panies ? 知識(shí)創(chuàng)造型公司 ? Implementing knowledge management ? 實(shí)施知識(shí)管理 Importance of knowledge management (KM)（ 知識(shí)管理的重要性） ? Knowledge is a form of capital. ? 知識(shí)是資本的一種形式 ? The single differentiator that is likely to last is innovation, and the raw material of innovation is knowledge ? 如果將資本比喻成創(chuàng)新，那么知識(shí)就是創(chuàng)新使用的原料 ? Knowledge + Creativity = Innovation ? 知識(shí)＋創(chuàng)造＝創(chuàng)新 ? Case By 1987, only fi