【正文】 ve years after Canon introduced its innovative minicopier – 74% of the pany39。s revenues came from its business machines division ? 例：佳能公司推出袖珍復(fù)印機(jī) 5年后的 1987年，公司 74％的收入來(lái)自商業(yè)機(jī)器分公司 ? Formal KM is originated in consulting firms ? 真正的知識(shí)管理開始于咨詢公司 Definition （ 定義） ? Knowledge management is the process that helps anizations identify, select, anize, and capture important information and expertise within the anization and disseminate it to wherever it is needed to enhance anizational effectiveness and innovative potential. ? 知識(shí)管理是協(xié)助組織識(shí)別、選擇、組織和獲取組織中的重要信息及專門技術(shù)的過(guò)程，并且將獲取的信息和專門技術(shù)應(yīng)用到組織中，以提高組織效率和創(chuàng)新潛力 ? Research on Knowledge Creation pioneered by Professors Nonaca and Takeuchi of Japan ? 日本的 Nonaca和 Takeuchi教授是研究知識(shí)創(chuàng)造的先驅(qū) Types of Knowledge and Modes of Knowledge Creation 知識(shí)類型和知識(shí)創(chuàng)造的方式 Types of Knowledge（ 知識(shí)的類型） ? Tacit knowledge implicit, resides in experts39。 ? Explicit knowledge formal, systematic, codified, publicly available, and can be easily municated and shared. ., Product specifications, scientific formula, puter programs. ? 外在知識(shí)－正式、系統(tǒng)、成文、可用并且易于交流和共享。 Understanding Tacit Knowledge （ 理解內(nèi)在知識(shí)） ? Philosopher Michael Polanyi: We can know more than we can tell.“ ? 哲學(xué)家 Michael Polanyi： ”我們所知比所說(shuō)要多。s mitment to a specific context ? 行為和個(gè)人活動(dòng)歸根究底有其原因 – A master craftsman has a wealth of expertise at his fingertips“, but is often unable to articulate the scientific or technical principles behind what he knows – 一個(gè)熟練的工匠擁有很多專業(yè)技術(shù)“在他的指尖”，但他常常不能與蘊(yùn)藏在其后的知識(shí)和技術(shù)原理相結(jié)合。 ? Team leader Hiroo Watanabe coined another slogan Theory of Automobile Evolution – to express an ideal. ? 團(tuán)隊(duì)領(lǐng)導(dǎo) Hiroo Watanabe 提出另一個(gè)口號(hào)－汽車發(fā)展推測(cè)－以表達(dá)一種理想 ? [后續(xù) ] New Product Development at Honda 本田汽車的新產(chǎn)品開發(fā) ? [續(xù)前 ] ? This led to discussion and debate and yet another slogan Manmaximum, Machineminimum. ? 這些引發(fā)了討論和辯論，還有一個(gè)口號(hào)－最大人性化，最小機(jī)械化 ? Finally, the revolutionary “Tall Boy” Honda City emerged. ? 最后，革命性的“ Tall Boy”橫空出世。 ? Philosopher Max Black: “two ideas in one phrase“ ? 哲學(xué)家 Max Black： ”一詞有二意” ? [后續(xù) ] Metaphor ? Analogy ? Model 比喻 ?類推 ?模型 ? [續(xù)前 ] ? People put together what they know in new ways and begin to express tacit knowledge what they know but cannot yet say ? 人們采用新方法整理他們所知的知識(shí)并表示成內(nèi)在知識(shí)－他們理解但不會(huì)表達(dá) ? Effective in jumpstarting the creative process in the early stages of knowledge creation ? 在知識(shí)創(chuàng)造的初期高效的開始創(chuàng)造過(guò)程 Implications Senior Executives’ Vision 暗示－高級(jí)管理人員的想象 ? Needs to be openended and susceptible to a variety of different and even conflicting interpretations ? 需要容許幾種不同甚至是矛盾的解釋 ? Gives employees and work groups the freedom and autonomy to set their own goals ? 給予員工和工作團(tuán)隊(duì)一定的自由和自治權(quán)，以達(dá)到他們的自身目標(biāo) ? If a vision is too unambiguous, it bees an order and do not foster the high degree of personal mitment on which effective knowledge creation depends ? 如果一個(gè)想象太明確，它將成為一個(gè)規(guī)則，阻止人的創(chuàng)造能力在更深層次上的激發(fā)，而這是有效知識(shí)創(chuàng)造所依靠的 Conceptual Umbrella ? Sharp “Optoelectronics to describe the merging of microelectronics with optical technologies Senior managers took up the word and magnified its impact far beyond the RD and engineering departments in the pany ? Sharp –“光電子學(xué)”是描述微電子學(xué)和光學(xué)技術(shù)的融合，高級(jí)管理人員使用該詞并將其推廣到 RD 以及工程部外的其他部門 ? NEC the metaphor CC (for puters and munications), Categorized the pany39。s core knowledge base ? Kao “Surface active science“指導(dǎo)它的產(chǎn)品多樣化，從肥皂、清潔劑到化妝品，到軟盤－一切自然從 Kao的核心知識(shí)演化而來(lái) Metaphor ? Analogy ? Model 比喻 ?類推 ?模型 ? Metaphors trigger the knowledgecreation process through intuition and linking conflicting images ? 比喻通過(guò)直覺(jué)和統(tǒng)一矛盾現(xiàn)象觸發(fā)知識(shí)創(chuàng)造過(guò)程 ? The next step is analogy, a more structured process of reconciling contradictions. ? 下一步是類推，一個(gè)更加結(jié)構(gòu)化的緩和矛盾的過(guò)程 ? An intermediate step between pure imagination and logical thinking ? 純想象和邏輯思考的中間一步 ? Why is a beer can a useful analogy for a personal copier? ? 為什么啤酒罐是一個(gè)個(gè)人復(fù)印機(jī)的有用類推？ Beer can and Canon personal copier 啤酒罐和佳能個(gè)人復(fù)印機(jī) ? Canon was developing a revolutionary minicopier that is reliable, easy and cheap to make. ? 佳能開發(fā)了一種微型復(fù)印機(jī)－可靠、簡(jiǎn)單且造價(jià)低廉 ? Plan to make the photosensitive copier drum (the source of 90% of all maintenance problems) disposable ? 計(jì)劃制造可隨意使用的感光復(fù)印機(jī)鼓 ? The team was discussing design problems over some drinks ? 開發(fā)團(tuán)隊(duì)基于一些飲料討論設(shè)計(jì)問(wèn)題 ? [后續(xù) ] Beer can and Canon personal copier 啤酒罐和佳能個(gè)人復(fù)印機(jī) ? [續(xù)前 ] ? Tanaka (the team leader) held one of the beer cans and wondered aloud, How much does it cost to manufacture this can?“ ? Tanaka（ 團(tuán)隊(duì)領(lǐng)導(dǎo)）拿著一個(gè)啤酒罐，驚異的叫道：“制造這個(gè)易拉罐的成本是多少？” ? The question led the team to speculate whether the same process for making an aluminum beer could be applied to the manufacture of an aluminum copier drum ? 這個(gè)問(wèn)題引發(fā)了團(tuán)隊(duì)的思索，能否象制造鋁啤酒罐一樣制造鋁復(fù)印機(jī)鼓 Metaphor ? Analogy ? Model 比喻 ?類推 ?模型 ? The last step in the knowledgecreation process ? 知識(shí)創(chuàng)造的最后一步 ? More immediately conceivable than a metaphor or an analogy ? 比比喻和類推更直接想到 ? Contradictions get resolved and concepts bee transferable through consistent and systematic logic ? 通過(guò)協(xié)調(diào)和系統(tǒng)邏輯，矛盾可以解決、概念可以轉(zhuǎn)化 ? Makes the knowledge available to the rest of the pany ? 使得知識(shí)對(duì)于公司的其他地方是可利用的 ? Developing lowcost disposable copier drum resulted in new technologies for other office products such as microfilm readers and laser printers ? 開發(fā)低成本的可隨意使用的復(fù)印機(jī)鼓，為其他辦公產(chǎn)品引入了一種新技術(shù)，如縮影膠片閱讀器和激光打印機(jī) ? By 1987 – only five years after the minicopier was introduced – 74% of Canon39。s knowledgecreating ability is accelerated. ? 這可能在短期內(nèi)造成浪費(fèi)，但能帶來(lái)新的想法并增強(qiáng)組織的知識(shí)創(chuàng)造能力 Strategic Job Rotation 戰(zhàn)略崗位輪換 ? A second way to build redundancy to help employees understand the business from multiple perspectives ? 建立冗余機(jī)制的第二種方法可幫助員工從不同的角度理解公司 ? Makes anizational knowledge more fluid and easier to put into practice ? 使組織的知識(shí)更具有“流動(dòng)性”，更容易付于實(shí)施 ? At Kao Corporation, a Japanese consumerproducts manufacturer, employees