【正文】 . Parties Required合同當事人There must be at least two parties to a contract, a promisor and a promisee, but there may be any greater number.合同必須至少有兩個當事人，即允諾人和受允諾人，但是也可以有兩個以上更多的當事人。167。(1) Contracts under seal, 蓋印合同 (2) Recognizances, 保證書(3) Negotiable instruments and documents,.可流通票據(jù)和單據(jù)（4）Letters of credit信用證(2) A term of contract is that portion of the legal relations resulting from the promise or set of promises which relates to a particular matter, whether or not the parties manifest an intention to create those relations.合同的條件就是由于當事人就特定事項作出了一個或一系列的允諾，由此引起他們之間部分法律關系的存在，不管當事人是否作出意思表示要建立這些 法律關系。一個交易磋商約定是為允諾與允諾之間的交換，或為允諾與義務履行的交換，或為義務履行之間的交換而達成的協(xié)議。(4) Where performance will benefits a person other than the promisee, that person is beneficiary.如果該允諾的履行使除受允諾人之外的他人獲利，則該人為受益人。167。CHAPTER 違約救濟CHAPTER 12 DISCHARGE BY ASSET OR ALTERATION第十二章 雙方合意或變更合同以解除合同義務CHAPTER 5 THE STATUTE OF FRAUDS第五章 防止欺詐條例標簽： 美國合同法雜談分類： 法規(guī)公約條約訴訟仲裁公證 CONTENT目 錄 (共十六章385條) CHAPTER 6 MISTAKE第六章 錯誤 虛假的意思表示，脅迫以及不當影響 合同因公共政策而不可執(zhí)行 合同義務的范圍CHAPTER 13 JOINT AND SEVERAL PROMISORS AND PROMISEES第十三章 連帶允諾人和受允諾人Chapter 1 MEANING OF TERMS第一章 合同條款的含義167。2. PROMISE。(2) The person manifesting the intention is the 167。167。167。8. Unenforceable Contracts不能強制執(zhí)行的合同An unenforceable contract is one for the breach of which neither the remedy of damages nor the remedy of specific performance is available, but which is recognized in some other way as creating a duty of performance, though there has been no ratification.不可強制執(zhí)行的合同是指這樣一種合同，即違反該合同導致?lián)p害賠償救濟和強制履行救濟均不可適用，但是卻被認為是以其他方式創(chuàng)設了并沒有獲得認可的 履行義務。11. When a Person May Be Both Promisor and Promisee何時允諾人和受允諾人可以同為一人12. Capacity to Contract締約能力(1) No one can be bound by contract who has not legal capacity to incur at least voidable contractual duties, Capacity to contract may be partial and its existence in respect of a particular transaction may depend upon the nature of the transaction or upon other circumstances.沒有法律行為能力的締約人所締結(jié)的合同所產(chǎn)生的義務是可撤消的，該合同對締約人并沒有約束力。(a) under guardianship, or處于監(jiān)護之中，或167。15. Mental Illness or Defect有精神病或精神缺陷的人(1) A person incurs only voidable contractual duties by entering into a transaction if by reason of mental illness or defect在下列情況下，一個存在精神疾病或精神缺陷的人，在從事交易活動時所創(chuàng)設的合同義務是可以撤消的：(2) Where the contract is made on fair terms and the other party is without knowledge of the mental illness or defect, the power of a voidance under Subsection (1) terminates to the extent that the contract has been so preformed in whole or in part or the circumstances have so changed that a voidance would be unjust. In such a case a court may grant relief as justice requires. 如果合同的締結(jié)是基于公平的條款，并且他方當事人不知道該締約人患有 精神疾病或存在精神缺陷，那么，如果該合同已經(jīng)被全部或部分地履行或者情勢變更，以至撤消該合同有失公平，則在(1)小節(jié)中所規(guī)定的撤消權(quán)不再適用。16. Intoxicate Persons醉酒的人A person incurs only voidable contractual duties by entering into a transaction if the other party has reason to know that by reason of intoxication如果締約他方當事人有合理的理由知道一方當事人由于醉酒存在下列情況，則該當事人在從事交易活動時所創(chuàng)設的合同義務是可以撤消的。167。18. Manifestation of Mutual Assent意思表示一致Manifestation of mutual assent to an exchange requires that each party make a promise or begin or render a performance. 對一個交換作出一致的意思表示要求各方當事人作出允諾或開始或?qū)嵤┮豁椓x務履行。在這種情況下所締結(jié)的合同可以基于欺詐、錯誤或其他無效的理由被撤消。(a) neither party knows or has reason to know the meaning attached by the other。21. INTENTION TO BE LEGALLY BOUND具有法律拘束力的意圖Neither real nor apparent intention that a promise be legally binding is essential to the formation of a contract, but a manifestation of intention that a promise shall not affect legal relations may prevent the formation of a contract.當事人有關允諾具有法律拘束力的意圖無論是真實的還是表面的，對于合同的締結(jié)并不重要，但是如果當事人作出允諾并不影響當事人法律關系的意思表示，則當事人之間的合同并不成立。23. Necessity That Manifestation Have Reference to Each Other作出意思表示應相互參考的必要性167。25. Option Contracts選擇權(quán)合同An option contract is a promise which meets the requirements for the formation of a contract and limits the promisor’s power to revoke an offer.如果一個允諾符合了訂立合同的條件，并且限制允諾人撤回要約，則該允諾即構(gòu)成選擇權(quán)合同。 but the circumstances may show that the agreements are preliminary negotiations. 雙方當事人作出意思表示要采用書面 方式締結(jié)合同這一事實，并不影響當事人已經(jīng)作出的足以導致合同締結(jié)的意思 表示的執(zhí)行；但是這種情況表明這些合意仍然屬于訂約前之商議。(a) the auctioneer invites offers from successive bidders which he may accept or reject。(c) whether or not the auction is without reserve, a bidder may withdraw his bid until the auctioneer’s announcement of pletion of the sale, but a bidder’s retraction does not revieve any previous bid.不管該拍賣是否是無保留低價之拍賣，競買人可以在拍賣人宣布成交之前可以撤回競價，但是競買人撤回競價的行為不得使先前的出價生效。 167。 167。167。34. Certainty and Choice of Terms。(2) Part performance under an agreement may remove uncertainty and establish that a contract enforceable as a bargain has been formed.部分履行的合同具有確定性，并且表明作為交易的可執(zhí)行合同已經(jīng)成立。167。(a) rejection or counteroffer by the offeree, or受要約人拒絕要約或提出反要約，或(2) In addition, an offeree’s power of acceptance is terminated by the non occurrence of any condition of acceptance under the terms of the offer. 除此之外，如果受要約人對要約條款未作任何承諾，則該受要約人的承諾 能力終止。Notwithstanding 167。3849 的規(guī)定，但是選擇權(quán)合同項下的承諾能力并不因受要約人拒絕要約或提出反要約、或要約人撤回要約、或要約人的死亡或喪失行為能力而終止，除非解除合同義務的條件已經(jīng)成就。39. Counteroffers反要約(1) A counteroffer is an offer made by an offeree to his offeror relating to the same matter as the original offer and proposing a substituted bargain differing from that proposed by the original offer.如果受要約人對與原要約相同事項的實質(zhì)性內(nèi)容作出了修改，并提出一項新的替代交易回復給要約人，則該項提議為反要約。167。(2) What is a reasonable time is a question of fact, depending on all the circumstances existing when the offer and attempted acceptance are made.什么是合理的時間，這屬于一個事實問題，要隨發(fā)出要約和試圖作出承諾時的情況而定。49 中的規(guī)定，如果一個承諾是在受要約人收到要約當日的午夜之前的任何時候發(fā)出的，則該通過郵件的要約就應是被合 理承諾的要約。s power of acceptance is terminated when the offeree receives fro m the offeror a manifestation of an intention not to enter into the proposed c ontract. 要約人通知受要約人撤回要約 如果受要約人收到了要約人不愿