第四章中國飼料市場細(xì)分分析一、配-文庫吧
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【正文】 of 7。 Kahn Byosiere, 1992) Kahn and Byosiere’s (1992) model of stress conceptualizes stress in anizations in terms of 7 major categories. 1. Organizational antecedents to stress ? Stress markers ? Organizational characteristics ? Size ? Work schedule A Model of Stress (2 of 7。 Kahn Byosiere, 1992) 2. Stressors in anizational life ? There are 2 major types of stressors: Psychological Role ambiguity Role conflict Role overload Ill health is related to monotonous work and sustained vigilance Task content Role Properties Strain A Model of Stress (3 of 7。 Kahn Byosiere, 1992) 3. Perception and cognition ? Helps explain why people react differently to stressors that are objectively the same. ? Primary appraisal: Initial determination that a stimulus is positive, negative, or neither in its implications for wellbeing. ? Secondary appraisal: Judgment about what can be done to minimize damage or maximize gain. A Model of Stress (4 of 7。 Kahn Byosiere, 1992) 4. Response to stress ? Physiological: ., cardiovascular symptoms (blood pressure, cholesterol level) ? Psychological: ., job dissatisfaction ? Behavioral: ? Work role ? Antisocial behavior at work ? Flight from the job ? Degradation of other roles ? Selfdamaging behavior A Model of Stress (5 of 7。 Kahn Byosiere, 1992) 5. Consequences of stress ? The consequences of stress typically affect the performance of the individual on the job and in other life roles. ? Health and illness ? Organizational effectiveness ? Performance in other life roles A Model of Stress (6 of 7。 Kahn Byosiere, 1992) 6. Properties of people as stress mediators ? 2 personality characteristics mediate effects of stress {stressor individual difference strain} ? Personality type: ? Type A: Personality construct that describes individuals who tend to be aggressive and petitive and feel under chronic time pressures. ? Type B: Personality construct that describes individuals who tend not to be petitive, intense, or feel under chronic time pressures. ? Locus of control: Personality construct relating to the perceived cause or locus of control for events in one’s life being either internal or external. A Model of Stress (7 of 7。 Kahn Byosiere, 1992) 7. Properties of situation as stress mediators ? Situations buffer stress. ? The primary situation factor is social support ? Other situations can buffer against stress: ? Predictability, understandability, controllability Stressor Strain Situations Prevention and Intervention ? Organizational Level ?Selection and placement ?Training and education programs ?Physical and environmental characteristics ?Communication ?Job redesign/restructuring ? Individual/Organizational Level ?Coworker support groups ?Role issues ?Participation and autonomy Prevention and Intervention ? Individual Level ? Relaxation ? Meditation ? Biofeedback ? Cognitivebehavioral therapy ? Exercise ? Time management ? Employee assistance programs Is Stress Always Bad (1 of 2)? ? Certain job demands that, although pressureladen and stressful, are viewed as rewarding work experiences. ? McCauley and colleagues labeled these job demands challenges (., job overload, time pressures, and high levels of responsibility) ? Mana
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