【正文】 ement posts. Substance Abuse and Work (4 of 4) ? To avoid legal challenges, an employer should: ?Inform all employees and job applicants of drug use policy ?Include drug policy in employment contracts ?Present the program in a medical and safety context ?If drug screening is used with employees, tell employees in advance that it will be part of employment Unemployment (1 of 3) ? Employment has intended and unintended consequences ?Intended: Earning a living ?Unintended: ? Imposed time structure ? Regular interactions with people ? Linking of goals to purposes ? Status and identity ? Enforcement of activity Unemployment (2 of 3) Opportunity for control Opportunity for skill use Externally generated goals or challenges Environmental variety Environmental clarity Availability of money Physical security Opportunity for interpersonal contact Valued social position 9 environmental factors needed for mental health Intended and unintended consequences of unemployment Negative effect on wellbeing Unemployment (3 of 3) ? Relationship between unemployment and mental wellbeing: Gaining employment Improved wellbeing Losing employment Decreased wellbeing r = .36 r = .54 Child Labor and Exploitation ? Child Labor: economic activities carried out by a person less than 15 years of age. ?Not mon in US ?Not rare in other countries (250 million children worldwide) ?Harmful because it interferes with healthy development (physical and psychological) ? 靜夜四無鄰，荒居舊業(yè)貧。 Kahn Byosiere, 1992) 7. Properties of situation as stress mediators ? Situations buffer stress. ? The primary situation factor is social support ? Other situations can buffer against stress: ? Predictability, understandability, controllability Stressor Strain Situations Prevention and Intervention ? Organizational Level ?Selection and placement ?Training and education programs ?Physical and environmental characteristics ?Communication ?Job redesign/restructuring ? Individual/Organizational Level ?Coworker support groups ?Role issues ?Participation and autonomy Prevention and Intervention ? Individual Level ? Relaxation ? Meditation ? Biofeedback ? Cognitivebehavioral therapy ? Exercise ? Time management ? Employee assistance programs Is Stress Always Bad (1 of 2)? ? Certain job demands that, although pressureladen and stressful, are viewed as rewarding work experiences. ? McCauley and colleagues labeled these job demands challenges (., job overload, time pressures, and high levels of responsibility) ? Managers39。 Kahn Byosiere, 1992) 3. Perception and cognition ? Helps explain why people react differently to stressors that are objectively the same. ? Primary appraisal: Initial determination that a stimulus is positive, negative, or neither in its implications for wellbeing. ? Secondary appraisal: Judgment about what can be done to minimize damage or maximize gain. A Model of Stress (4 of 7。Warr, 1987) 4. Aspiration ? Someone with high aspiration engages with the environment, establishes goals, and makes efforts to attain them. Aspiration High motivation Alertness to new opportunities Commitment to meet personal challenges The Components of Mental Health (4 of 4。 Warr, 1987) 2. Op