【正文】 Foundation of Translation Theory一書中聲稱：譯者在整個翻譯過程中的參照系不應是“對等”翻譯理論所注重的原文及其功能，而應是譯文在譯語文化環(huán)境中所預期達到的一種或若鐘交際功能。 20世紀 90年代初，德國學者克利斯蒂安 諾德（ Christiane Nord）進一步拓展了譯文功能理論。她強調譯文與原文的聯系，但這種聯系的質量與數量由譯文的預期功能確定。 Formation of Skopos Theory 功能目的理論的兩項基本原則是： 1. 翻譯各方面的交互作用受翻譯目的所決定； 2. 目的隨接受對象的不同而變化。按照這兩項 原則，譯者可以為了達到目的而采用任何他自己認為適當的翻譯策略。換句話說，目的決定方式（ The end justifies the means）。例如： 中國認真履行加入世貿組織的各項承諾，對外開放不斷擴大。同時積極參加世貿組織新一輪談判，為完善多邊貿易體制發(fā)揮了建設性作用。近期以來，已有新西蘭、南非等 9個國家正式宣布承認中國的完全市場經濟地位，為中國與這些國家經貿合作的開展創(chuàng)造了更為有利的條件。 China has seriously implemented its WTO mitments and continuously opened up. At the same time, we are active in participating in the new round of WTO negotiation and playing a constructive role for the improvement of the multilateral trading system. Not long ago, 9 countries including New Zealand, Singapore, and South Africa have formally declared that they recognized China39。s full market economy status, which has created more favorable conditions for the economic and trade cooperation between China and these countries. 違背功能目的論的翻譯 外國語學院 中國認真履行加入世貿組織的各項承諾，對外開放不斷擴大。 China has seriously implemented its WTO mitments and continuously opened up. 認真 seriously？ vigorously (目的決定翻譯方式） 不斷擴大 continuously opened up? (這個翻譯方式沒有表達 “ 對外開放不斷擴大 ” China has vigorously implemented its mitments for its entry into WTO and has kept opening wider to the outside world. 外國語學院 （誰？）同時積極參加世貿組織新一輪談判，為完善多邊貿易體制發(fā)揮了建設性作用。 At the same time, we are active in participating in the new round of WTO negotiation and playing a constructive role for the improvement of the multilateral trading system. China has also cordially attended the new round of WTO negotiations, playing a constructive role for improving the multilateral trade system. 外國語學院 近期以來，已有新西蘭、南非等 9個國家正式宣布承認中國的完全市場經濟地位，為中國與這些國家經貿合作的開展創(chuàng)造了更為有利的條件。 Not long ago, 9 countries including New Zealand, Singapore, and South Africa have formally declared that they recognized China39。s full market economy status, which has created more favorable conditions for the economic and trade cooperation between China and these countries. 改后半句： , creating more favorable conditions for China to have economic and trade cooperation with these countries. 外國語學院 提示： 近期以來 = not long ago? recently 宣布承認 = have declared they recognized? declared their recognition of China?s full market economy status 新西蘭、南非等 9個國家 = 9 countries including New Zealand, Singapore, and South Africa? 9 countries such as New Zealand, South Africa 作為受文化制約的語言符號，原文語篇和譯文語篇受到各自交際環(huán)境的影響，譯文功能與原文功能可相似或保持一致，也可能完全不同。根據不同的語境因素和預期功能，選擇最佳的處理方法，這是功能翻譯理論比以對等為基礎的翻譯理論或極端功能主義的翻譯理論更為優(yōu)越之處。翻譯功能理論指導下的翻譯方法表現出較大的靈活性，較高的科學性和易操作性。 Gideon Toury(原特拉維夫大學教授 ) 把“功能目的論”看作是“譯文文本中心論”的翻版。 Advantages of Skopos Theory The Skopos theory, an approach to translation put forward by Hans Vermeer and developed in Germany in the late 1970s, oriented a more functional and sociocultural concept of translation. Translation is considered not as a process of translation, but as a specific form of human action. The following examples can tell us why it is an action: 1. 小心滑倒 Carefully Slide（西南大學賓館客房內） Pay Attention to Your Step while Taking Bath (浙江某市花園山莊客房內 ) Do not wear clothes exposing the neck or shoulders in public places 參考： 1. 小心滑倒 Caution! Wet (Slippery) Floor Caution! Wet (Slippery) Floor Dress yourself decently in public places You can see, the original translation and the revised are different in actions. Is Skopos Theory about? In Skopos theory, one of the most important factors determining the purpose of a translation is the intended receiver or audience of the target text with their language. The theory focuses on the purpose of the translation, which determines the translation methods and strategies to be employed in order to produce a functionally adequate result. For example: 航友賓館 Hang You Hotel (上海虹橋機場） (航友，就是 “ 航空之友 ” ，翻譯就是傳遞這個信息） Vermeer regards it as an “offer of information” for the target audience. From this view, the status of the source is clearly much lower in Skopos theory than the equivalence theory. The main idea of Skopos theory is that translators should hold the thought from the perspective of the target readers during translation. Therefore,