【正文】 mal everyday politics such as plaint,bypassing,coalition,excessive adherence ? illegitimate :extreme political behavior that violates the implied rules of gamessabotage, symbolic protests,group calling in sick concurrentl 2. The reality of politics ? Different values,goals,amp。 interestspotential for conflict over resources ? Scarce resourcesturns potential into real conflict. One gains at the expense of others, petition ? most decisions are made in a climate of ambiguity politicking contributing to politics ? Individual factors: high selfmonitors,internal locus of control, high Machiavellian。 Individual’s investment in the anization,perceived job alternatives, expectations of success ? anizational factors:reallocation of resources, promotion opportunities,low trust,role ambiguity, unclear performance evaluation system, 0sum reward practices,democratic DM,high performance pressures,selfserving senior manager improving your political effectiveness ? Frame arguments in terms of anization goals ? develop the right image ? gain control of anizational resources ? make yourself appear indispensableno substitute ? be visible ? develop powerful allies ? avoid “tainted” membersstatus is questionable ? support your boss management ? The process by which individuals attempt to control the impression others form of them ? IM techniques: conformityagree with other’s opinion to gain excusesexplanations of a predicament event, apologiesadmitting responsibility for undesirable event, acclaiming explanations of favorable events, flatteryplimenting others about their virtues, favorsdoing sth. Nice for someone, associationmanaging relevant information Behavior protection of selfinterest as well as promotion ? Reaction amp。 protective behaviors to avoid action,blame,or change ? avoiding action: overconformingrigid adherence to rules passing the bucktransfer duty to others playing dumbfalsely plead ignorance or inability depersonalizationignore specific idiosyncrasies stretching amp。 smoothingprolong a task amp。 cover up fluctuations in effort to make you appear busy stallingsupportive publicly while doing little Behavior political strategy,negative effect in long run ? avoiding blame:buffingrigorous documenting activity to project an image of petence。 playing safeevade unfavorably situation。 justifyinglessen your responsibility。 scapegoatingplace the blame on external factors misrepresentingmanipulation of information escalation of mitment ? avoiding action:feel personally threatened by change. Resisting change。 protecting turfdefending your territory from encroachment ethics of behaving politically ? Motivated by selfinterest vs. Organizational goals ? respect the right of other parties ? conforms to standards of equity amp。 justice Chap. 14 Organization structure 167。 Definition How job tasks are formally divided,grouped amp。 coordinated Specialization(labor division) To what degree are tasks subdivided into separate jobs? ? Individuals specialize in doing part of an activity rather than the entire activity ? prevalent by the late 1940s: usage of employee’s skillless trained replace skilled. Efficient training. 2. Employee’s skills at performing a tasks successfully increase through repetition ? b