【正文】 、產(chǎn)量低和品種少，故上游聚集了為數(shù)眾多的農(nóng)產(chǎn)品生產(chǎn)者；同時，由于產(chǎn)品生產(chǎn)地離市場較近且只提供單一農(nóng)產(chǎn)品，也又使得鏈中參與交易的主體大多為農(nóng)產(chǎn)品生產(chǎn)者，他們在市場上進行直接交易，而少有聯(lián)系生產(chǎn)者和消費者之間的中間商，因此，種植業(yè)者直接將食品和農(nóng)產(chǎn)品銷售給消費者。由于農(nóng)產(chǎn)品易腐爛，農(nóng)產(chǎn)品生產(chǎn)者不可能直接銷售自己的產(chǎn)品,需要通過必要的中間商提供服務(wù),如第三方物流、農(nóng)產(chǎn)品深加工商和批發(fā)商等所提供的相應(yīng)服務(wù)。因此,T型食品供應(yīng)鏈的上游種植業(yè)者眾多,而中下游中間商和銷售商較少且集中,供應(yīng)鏈的形狀呈現(xiàn)為 T型。這種類型的食品供應(yīng)鏈在中國較為普遍，在中國農(nóng)業(yè)產(chǎn)業(yè)化不發(fā)達的地區(qū),由于缺乏一端連接上游農(nóng)戶，另一端聯(lián)結(jié)銷售市場、專門從事農(nóng)產(chǎn)品加工的龍頭企業(yè)以及相應(yīng)的中間環(huán)節(jié)，農(nóng)產(chǎn)品生產(chǎn)往往和市場需求相脫節(jié)。,曼谷有50%的食品和農(nóng)產(chǎn)品是在大型超市(如71皇家阿荷、家樂福、Sainsburry和TESCO)售出的。因此，皇家阿荷生鮮超市實施食品供應(yīng)鏈管理后，將供應(yīng)商從原來的250家減少為60家左右，使物流系統(tǒng)更加高效和簡潔。在發(fā)達國家及物流發(fā)展較為成熟的大城市里，這種食品供應(yīng)鏈經(jīng)常表現(xiàn)為集中采購、統(tǒng)一流通配送和減少不增值的物流環(huán)節(jié),以實現(xiàn)節(jié)約成本的精益物流戰(zhàn)略。隨著市場食品和農(nóng)產(chǎn)品消費需求的多樣化，食品和農(nóng)產(chǎn)品加工的比重也在逐步提高。其他國家的情況也大致如此。這個環(huán)節(jié)是前述三個食品供應(yīng)鏈中所沒有的，這是大型超市和連鎖店對市場需求作出快速反w 應(yīng)的結(jié)果。因此，這種食品供應(yīng)鏈是一種綜合型、多品種、大批量和多頻次的混合型供應(yīng)鏈體系。三．食品供應(yīng)鏈跟蹤與食品質(zhì)量安全近年來，由于食品供應(yīng)鏈合作的重點由原來的保證供貨質(zhì)量逐步轉(zhuǎn)向加強食品和農(nóng)產(chǎn)品的質(zhì)量安全，如瘋牛病、口蹄疫和轉(zhuǎn)基因食品等的出現(xiàn)。、谷類和油菜以及牛肉制品的調(diào)查研究發(fā)現(xiàn)，三者經(jīng)食品供應(yīng)鏈跟蹤后，在食品質(zhì)量安全方面出現(xiàn)了很大的差異。這也是企業(yè)實施食品供應(yīng)鏈管理時需要分析考察的問題：，以提高食品和農(nóng)產(chǎn)品的銷量。因為在食品和農(nóng)產(chǎn)品市場上不僅存在大量單一的谷類和肉類產(chǎn)品，而且也有根據(jù)消費者不同的偏好和口味量身定制的食品。例如，轉(zhuǎn)基因食用油，如未進行標識，消費者就很難判別食用油是否由非轉(zhuǎn)基因大豆加工而成。，減少食品和農(nóng)產(chǎn)品召回成本。供應(yīng)商通常有著很強的經(jīng)濟驅(qū)動性，當發(fā)現(xiàn)食品有安全隱患和質(zhì)量問題時，他們往往會采取措施，避免食品質(zhì)量安全問題給企業(yè)自身或品牌帶來負面的影響。例如，在美國大多數(shù)要求召回的食品和農(nóng)產(chǎn)品都被公布在美國農(nóng)業(yè)部食品安全和檢驗服務(wù)的官方網(wǎng)站上，以便消費者根據(jù)食品包裝的標識信息來判定有問題的食品和農(nóng)產(chǎn)品。因此某種產(chǎn)品一旦出現(xiàn)問題，這些標識信息將能夠發(fā)揮很大的作用。通過采用EAN/UCC128條碼符號、GLN(全球位置碼)可以對食品供應(yīng)鏈全過程中的產(chǎn)品及其屬性信息和參與方信息等進行有效的標識。特別是有些企業(yè)采用了基于質(zhì)量安全的食品供應(yīng)鏈的高新技術(shù)追溯系統(tǒng)，如農(nóng)場主使用電子耳標識和相關(guān)數(shù)據(jù)收集卡來跟蹤食品和農(nóng)產(chǎn)品的免疫記錄、健康記錄和飼養(yǎng)記錄等。然而，對所有食品和農(nóng)產(chǎn)品都實施食品供應(yīng)鏈的質(zhì)量安全跟蹤是沒有必要的。同理，企業(yè)對食品供應(yīng)鏈信息跟蹤的寬度、深度和精度也反映出其對基于質(zhì)量安全的食品供應(yīng)鏈的成本和收益的一種綜合取向。只有當收益大于成本時，企業(yè)所選擇的寬度、深度和精度才是實施供應(yīng)鏈質(zhì)量安全跟蹤的動力和保證。 G, DELL, the pany39。the second stage of integrated logistics management phase, agricultural marketing, logistics management separate from, and to extend to the upstream producers of agricultural and food production process, emphasizing the production should be based on market demand and cost control throughout the supply chain。s increasing demands for food consumption, the inevitable , the causes are:(1)the consumer fresh food and agricultural products have bee increasingly demanding and require delivery of food and agricultural products, the production period as short as possible.(2)consumers of food and agricultural products quality requirements have bee more sophisticated, forcing food manufacturers to implement the food supply chain management to ensure a stable supply of raw materials upstream and downstream sales channels.(3)food quality and safety of consumers are increasingly concerned order to meet consumer demand for food and agricultural products in the type and quantity requirements, panies continue to seek and develop new technologies, and new technologies and new methods of excessive use(such as pesticides, hormones, antibiotics and genetically modified technology, etc.)to meet the consumer demand, but also inevitably produced a hazard causing human food quality and safety is because buyers and sellers in the market information asymmetry, consumers in the purchase of food or agricultural products, the products do not understand the health, environmental and safety , enterprises need in all aspects of the production process inspection and testing of products and timely disclosure of information to consumers.(4)food and agricultural panies forced the government, Relevant socialw organizations and consumer demands and pressure to press the food supply chain to example, EU regulations , as from 2004 in all EUwide sales of food, must be implemented to track and trace food supply chain。the same time, products from the market to close and only a single farm, it also makes the chain in Most of the main trading agricultural producers, their direct trading in the market, and littlew contact between producers and consumers, middlemen, so growers sell directly to consumers food and agricultural developing countries, especially near urban areas, the supply of vegetables, generally using this type of supply type of food supply type of food supply chains are generally applicable to food and agricultural production and sales of land to the far distance, consumer demand quite different perishable agricultural products, agricultural producers can not sell their products directly, through intermediaries to provide the necessary services, such as thirdparty logistics, agricultural processors and wholesalers provide appropriate type of supply chain, upstream gathered more producers, and in the middle part of a better understanding of the origin of production, but also in the sales channels to occupy a certain advantage, but fewer , Tfood supply chain and many growers, brokers and sellers and less downstream and concentrated, showing the shape of the supply chain for the dumbbellshaped pared to the food supply chain, which chain is longer, the sales performance of food and agricultural products and valueadded services for the indirect type of food supply chains more mon in China, China39。s food and agricultural products in large supermarkets(such as 711, Royal Ahe, Carrefour, Sainsburry and TESCO)sold large supermarkets in order to meet the market for agricultural products, quality consistency and supply stability requirements, the supplier of a rigorous , the implementation of the Royal Ahe supermarket fresh food supply chain management, will be vendors from the original 250 was reduced to about 60, so that the logistics system more efficient and the upper reaches of the sharp drop in the number of suppliers of agricultural products and the continuous expansion of the supermarket chain, this food supply chain, upstream suppliers and downstream number of supermarket chains showed symmetrical growth development in developed and more mature cities, this has been expressed in the food supply chain, centralized purchasing, reduce nonuniform flow distribution and valueadded logistics sectors, in order to achieve cost savings of lean logistics ．mixed food supply consumer demand for food and agricultural products market diversification, the proportion of food and agricultural processing has gradually to the statistics that the United States in 2002 raw and processed vegetables for 15% and 85%