【正文】 追溯時(shí)，要求供應(yīng)鏈中的每一道加工環(huán)節(jié)，不僅要對(duì)自己所加工完成的產(chǎn)品進(jìn)行標(biāo)識(shí)，還要采集所需加工的食品原料上的已有標(biāo)識(shí)信息，并將其全部信息標(biāo)識(shí)在加工完成的產(chǎn)品上，以備下一道加工環(huán)節(jié)或消費(fèi)者使用，從而有效地解決了供應(yīng)鏈各環(huán)節(jié)之間的聯(lián)系比較脆弱、實(shí)施跟蹤和追溯難度大的問(wèn)題，也為企業(yè)減少因缺乏明確信息而將混在優(yōu)質(zhì)食品中的劣質(zhì)食品連同優(yōu)質(zhì)食品一同處理的可能性。因?yàn)樾畔⒏櫟膶挾取⑸疃群途葲Q定著企業(yè)整合食品供應(yīng)鏈的投入和成本。the same in the United States Food and Drug Administration regulations in the United States and abroad engaged in food production, processing and packaging departments and related organizations in the December 12, 2003 to register the Food and Drug Administration for food safety tracking and tracing, on the allowed unregistered persons engaged in food production and , the food supply chain management is inherent in the market dynamics and the external pressure the government to promote the supply chain, production logistics system The formation of the food supply chain logistics system with the changing content of closely related, particularly in the food and agricultural production logistics system evolving situation, for people to create a highly efficient food supply chain management paradigm provides the to food and agricultural products logistics stage of development, typical of the food supply chain can be divided into dumbbellshaped, T, symmetric and mixed four ．dumbbell food supply type of food supply chain is a quasistrict supply is characterized by a shorter supply chain, connecting the main lot located at both ends of the transaction, while the middle of the main chain are few and fewer transactions, showing the dumbbell producers have poor technical conditions, production is low and less variety, it gathered a large number of upstream agricultural producers。s agriculture industry in less developed regions, due to lack of upstream farmers to connect one end, other end of the link sales market, specializing in the processing of agricultural products among leading enterprises and the corresponding part of agricultural production often out of line with market , Tmiddle part of the food supply chain as a low level of absence and logistics operation, prone to upstream farmers and downstream production of agricultural products sold blindly difficult ．symmetric food supply the emergence of new sales formats, distribution channels are increasingly largescale professional marketw and supermarket monopoly, the traditional sales of agricultural products and food forms have been replaced by supermarkets, and this trend is more and more obvious, and because of its technological level of agricultural products production also tends to intensive management by a few Ahe by the Royal Thai supermarket fresh food supply chain management survey found that 50% of Bangkok39。w Discussion on food supply chain management and food quality and safetySince the 1990s, supply chain management has bee the academic and business circles hot topic, especially in supply chain management successfully applied to IBM, P amp。對(duì)于企業(yè)來(lái)說(shuō)，管理生產(chǎn)物流和跟蹤相關(guān)零售信息(如條形碼)，能幫助企業(yè)了解其食品供應(yīng)鏈的物流流出狀況，以便對(duì)供應(yīng)鏈上游物流的流入進(jìn)行有效管理?；谑称饭?yīng)鏈的跟蹤能幫助企業(yè)縮短確認(rèn)和清理有問(wèn)題食品的時(shí)w 間，為此，國(guó)外許多企業(yè)將相關(guān)標(biāo)識(shí)信息揭示在食品包裝上，以便利消費(fèi)者的識(shí)別和認(rèn)定。通過(guò)那些細(xì)小的或不能直接發(fā)現(xiàn)的食品質(zhì)量安全的特性，可區(qū)別不同類(lèi)型的農(nóng)產(chǎn)品和食品。隨著上游供應(yīng)商實(shí)力和優(yōu)勢(shì)的增強(qiáng)，加工中心的部分功能，如清洗、分類(lèi)和深度加工等環(huán)節(jié)又向供應(yīng)商回流，使得加工中心的重點(diǎn)放在處理和不斷擴(kuò)大的農(nóng)產(chǎn)品數(shù)量和種類(lèi)業(yè)務(wù)上。隨著上游農(nóng)產(chǎn)品供應(yīng)商數(shù)目的銳減和超市連鎖店的不斷擴(kuò)張，這種食品供應(yīng)鏈的上游供應(yīng)商與下游超市連鎖店的數(shù)目呈現(xiàn)對(duì)稱(chēng)增長(zhǎng)之態(tài)勢(shì)。與啞鈴型食品供應(yīng)鏈相比,它的鏈條較長(zhǎng),食品和農(nóng)產(chǎn)品的銷(xiāo)售表現(xiàn)為間接性和增值服務(wù)性。它的特點(diǎn)是供應(yīng)鏈較短,連接位于兩端的交易主體很多,而中間鏈節(jié)少且交易主體也較少，呈現(xiàn)為啞鈴型。因此，企業(yè)有必要在生產(chǎn)過(guò)程的各個(gè)環(huán)節(jié)對(duì)產(chǎn)品進(jìn)行檢驗(yàn)和檢測(cè)并及時(shí)向消費(fèi)者披露這些信息。對(duì)食品供應(yīng)鏈管理的研究大致經(jīng)歷了三個(gè)階段：第一階段為商流管理階段，研究范圍包括農(nóng)產(chǎn)品和食品加工企業(yè)的產(chǎn)出到消費(fèi)者消費(fèi)前的商流階段，其研究?jī)?nèi)容通常被包含在營(yíng)銷(xiāo)范疇內(nèi)；第二階段為集成物流管理階段，農(nóng)產(chǎn)品的物流管理從市場(chǎng)營(yíng)銷(xiāo)中分離出來(lái)，且向上游擴(kuò)展到農(nóng)產(chǎn)品和食品生產(chǎn)企業(yè)的生產(chǎn)加工過(guò)程，強(qiáng)調(diào)生產(chǎn)應(yīng)以市場(chǎng)需求為導(dǎo)向和對(duì)整個(gè)物流環(huán)節(jié)的成本控制；第三階段為供應(yīng)鏈一體化管理階段，研究范圍進(jìn)一步向上游延伸到農(nóng)產(chǎn)品的最上游企業(yè)(如種子供應(yīng)商等)，延伸的目的是為了跟蹤和追溯農(nóng)產(chǎn)品食品質(zhì)量安全問(wèn)題，以便快速和有效地發(fā)現(xiàn)并解決問(wèn)題。在減少輸入方面，減少材料的使用是最常見(jiàn)的應(yīng)用特點(diǎn)；在管理輸出方面，減少和處置危險(xiǎn)廢物是最常見(jiàn)的；在生命周期設(shè)計(jì)中，常見(jiàn)的是堅(jiān)固耐用、本地材料。這項(xiàng)調(diào)查研究被設(shè)計(jì)成環(huán)境與經(jīng)濟(jì)研究可持續(xù)室內(nèi)設(shè)計(jì)的統(tǒng)一體。但是，如果顧客不要求或不熟悉這樣的方法，結(jié)果將會(huì)不同，顧客將會(huì)被鼓勵(lì)使用環(huán)境可持續(xù)室內(nèi)設(shè)計(jì)解決方案。2．6 數(shù)據(jù)收集及分析使用郵件或互聯(lián)網(wǎng)調(diào)查是為了迅速覆蓋更多的區(qū)域，他們通過(guò)可靠的網(wǎng)絡(luò)管理工具回答管理報(bào)告。室內(nèi)環(huán)境質(zhì)量報(bào)表包括九項(xiàng)特征，包括四項(xiàng)室內(nèi)空氣質(zhì)量特征和五項(xiàng)人類(lèi)幸福特征。問(wèn)卷的開(kāi)頭是說(shuō)明，下面分為兩個(gè)部分。美國(guó)室內(nèi)設(shè)計(jì)所是全球室內(nèi)設(shè)計(jì)師及室內(nèi)設(shè)計(jì)行業(yè)的領(lǐng)先專(zhuān)業(yè)機(jī)構(gòu)。對(duì)于設(shè)計(jì)的發(fā)展，環(huán)境問(wèn)題在室內(nèi)材料和產(chǎn)品的選擇和說(shuō)明中是尤為重要的。其設(shè)計(jì)過(guò)程可以被看作是一系列的步驟或階段順序，既有傳統(tǒng)的室內(nèi)設(shè)計(jì)方法，也包括利用規(guī)劃、原理圖設(shè)計(jì)、設(shè)計(jì)開(kāi)發(fā)、合同文件和合同管理等可持續(xù)室內(nèi)設(shè)計(jì)，在設(shè)計(jì)完成之前，我們需要在各階段都花心思。為了給可持續(xù)室內(nèi)設(shè)計(jì)的教育戰(zhàn)略提供基礎(chǔ)，本文研究環(huán)境可持續(xù)室內(nèi)設(shè)計(jì)的實(shí)踐。 Casa da Musica(2005)in Porto, Portugal(with its inventive use of traditional Portuguese tiles), and Herzog amp。cor into programmatic concerns of space and designers generally practice collaboratively with architects on the interiors of spaces built from the ground up, but they also work independently, particularly in the case of is also a strong history of architectdesigned interiors, rooted in the concept of Gesamtkunstwerk, the total work of art, that came out of the Arts amp。s clothing stores and in entertainment spaces like Las Vegas , a more playful and less linear approach to narrative is increasingly all the typologies of the interior, the residence has been least affected by change, apart from ephemeral trends such as outdoor kitchens and palatial , the narrative of the residence dominates interior design at has bee the catalyst for rethinking a host of spaces once firmly isolated from it, ranging from the secretary39。這一實(shí)踐將為可持續(xù)發(fā)展的室內(nèi)設(shè)計(jì)教育戰(zhàn)略提供基礎(chǔ)。在室內(nèi)設(shè)計(jì)工程中，成本是做決定時(shí)另一重要的方面。盡管就像Firey所說(shuō)，是什么構(gòu)筑了可持續(xù)室內(nèi)設(shè)計(jì)沒(méi)有單方面的定義，但在環(huán)境、經(jīng)濟(jì)和社會(huì)中存在連續(xù)的權(quán)衡和談判。美國(guó)室內(nèi)設(shè)計(jì)所中大約65%的室內(nèi)設(shè)計(jì)師使用電子郵件。第二部分集中在環(huán)境可持續(xù)發(fā)展的室內(nèi)設(shè)計(jì)實(shí)踐活動(dòng)。室內(nèi)材料具有十四項(xiàng)基于生命周期的特征，包括三項(xiàng)減少輸入、四項(xiàng)管理輸出和七項(xiàng)生命周期設(shè)計(jì)的特征。此次統(tǒng)計(jì)分布在室內(nèi)設(shè)計(jì)師的特點(diǎn)和環(huán)境可持續(xù)室內(nèi)設(shè)計(jì)實(shí)踐的中心趨向的頻率和比例上。因此，提高對(duì)可持續(xù)室內(nèi)設(shè)計(jì)重要性以及室內(nèi)材料對(duì)整個(gè)生命周期影響的意識(shí)的教學(xué)方法對(duì)裝潢材料類(lèi)本科生和在繼續(xù)教育課程的實(shí)踐者都是十分必要的。這項(xiàng)研究工程被設(shè)計(jì)成用來(lái)考察和分析那些表明使用環(huán)境可持續(xù)室內(nèi)設(shè)計(jì)方法底線的數(shù)據(jù)。了解國(guó)家環(huán)境可持續(xù)室內(nèi)設(shè)計(jì)是十分重要的，這項(xiàng)研究已經(jīng)為此作出一份貢獻(xiàn)。具體而言，產(chǎn)生的原因主要有：(1)消費(fèi)者對(duì)食品和農(nóng)產(chǎn)品的新鮮度要求越來(lái)越高，并要求食品和農(nóng)產(chǎn)品交貨期、生產(chǎn)期越短越好。由此可見(jiàn)，食品供應(yīng)鏈管理是在市場(chǎng)內(nèi)在動(dòng)力和政府外在壓力的情況下促成的。隨著市場(chǎng)食品和農(nóng)產(chǎn)品消費(fèi)需求的多樣化，食品和農(nóng)產(chǎn)品加工的比重也在逐步提高。三．食品供應(yīng)鏈跟蹤與食品質(zhì)量安全近年來(lái)，由于食品供應(yīng)鏈合作的重點(diǎn)由原來(lái)的保證供貨質(zhì)量逐步轉(zhuǎn)向加強(qiáng)食品和農(nóng)產(chǎn)品的質(zhì)量安全，如瘋牛病、口蹄疫和轉(zhuǎn)基因食品等的出現(xiàn)。例如，轉(zhuǎn)基因食用油，如未進(jìn)行標(biāo)識(shí)，消費(fèi)者就很難判別食用油是否由非轉(zhuǎn)基因大豆加工而成。因此某種產(chǎn)品一旦出現(xiàn)問(wèn)題，這些標(biāo)識(shí)信息將能夠發(fā)揮很大的作用。然而，對(duì)所有食品和農(nóng)產(chǎn)品都實(shí)施食品供應(yīng)鏈的質(zhì)量安全跟蹤是沒(méi)有必要的。the second stage of integrated logistics management phase, agricultural marketing, logistics management separate from, and to extend to the upstream producers of agricultural and food production process, emphasizing the production should be based on market demand and cost control throughout the supply chain