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,科學(xué)出版社, 2023: 343359 決策理論與方法 群決策理論與方法 群決策機制 —專家咨詢 ? 社會選擇主要是研究用什么方法將成員偏好集結(jié)成群的偏好。下面我們介紹一類給定決策準(zhǔn)則 (多準(zhǔn)則 )的群決策問題。則專家 i對各備選方案的評價可記為: niaaaaaaaAmpmppijli,2,1][1221111???????????????????????決策理論與方法 群決策理論與方法 群決策機制 —專家咨詢 ? 需要解決的問題: ? ajl的值如何確定? ? 不同專家的評價結(jié)果如何集結(jié)? ? 序數(shù)評價法 ? ail的值根據(jù)準(zhǔn)則 l判斷第 j個方案的優(yōu)劣次序。 ? 簡單加權(quán)法:最后應(yīng)用簡單加權(quán)法 (設(shè)第 l個準(zhǔn)則的權(quán)重為wl)確定各方案的優(yōu)劣 ?lwlbjl。證據(jù)理論引入信度函數(shù)描述事物處于某種狀態(tài)的可能性。 決策理論與方法 群決策理論與方法 群決策機制 —專家咨詢 ? Traditional Decision Matrix – Average Point Assessment Alternative 1 Attribute 1 Alternative 2 Alternative m Attribute 2 Attribute n A11 A21 …… …… Am1 A12 A22 Am2 A1n A2n Amn 決策理論與方法 群決策理論與方法 群決策機制 —專家咨詢 ? Belief Decision Matrix – Belief Distribution Assessment Alternative 1 Attribute 1 Alternative 2 Alternative m Attribute n {[A11, α], …, [K 11, β]} …… …… {[A21, γ], …, [K 21, δ]} {[Am1, ε], … ,[K m1, δ]} …… …… …… …… {[A1n, ε], …, [K 1n, ζ]} {[A2n, η ], …, [K 2n, θ]} {[Amn, ι], … ,[K mn, κ]} …… 1. It can represent precise numbers for each alternative on every criterion 2. It can represent subjective judgements 3. It can represent ignorance explicitly 決策理論與方法 群決策理論與方法 群決策機制 —專家咨詢 ?等級 ? H1: World Class (ideal) ? H2: Award winners (reliable) ? H3: Improvers (potential) ? H4: Drifters (unfavourable) ? H5: Unmitted (unqualified) 決策理論與方法 群決策理論與方法 群決策機制 —專家咨詢 Teachers’ assessments of a student ―Peter Young‖ Teacher 1: Peter is absolutely Excellent. Teacher 2: Peter is Good to a belief degree of 50% is Excellent to a belief degree of 50% based on the assessment of the evidence Assumption: The two teachers have equal weight in the assessment 決策理論與方法 群決策理論與方法 群決策機制 —專家咨詢 Why do not use a simple additive method? The assessment might be that Peter is Good to a degree of 25% [(0+)] Excellent to a degree of 75% [((+)] It is indeed a simple approach. However, what do you mean by 25% and 75% (probability?