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輸入有關(guān),而且與過去的輸出有關(guān)。 若有極點位于單位圓外將導致系統(tǒng)不穩(wěn)定 。對于 IIR 濾波器 , 系統(tǒng)穩(wěn)定的條件如下 : 若 | |1, 當 n→ 時 , h(n)→ 0, 系統(tǒng)穩(wěn)定 ; 若 | |1, 當 n→ 時 , h(n)→ , 系統(tǒng)不穩(wěn)定 。 二階 IIR 濾波器,又稱為二階基本節(jié),分為直接 型、標準型和變換型。如圖 所示。 圖 直接 I型二階 IIR濾波器 直接型二階 IIR 濾波器還可以用圖 的結(jié)構(gòu)實現(xiàn)??梢宰C明上圖的結(jié)構(gòu)仍滿足二階 IIR 濾波器輸出方程。 圖 標準型二階 IIR濾波器 級聯(lián)型 30 級聯(lián)型結(jié)構(gòu)的系統(tǒng)函數(shù)為: 如圖 為 級聯(lián)型 IIR數(shù)字濾波器結(jié)構(gòu)框圖。 使用 DSP Builder 設計 IIR 濾波器 4 階直接Ⅱ型 IIR 濾波器設計 在此需要設計一個 4階濾波器,給定濾波器的系統(tǒng)函數(shù)如下: 從系統(tǒng)函數(shù)我們可以提取各項系數(shù)如下: a0=1,a1=,a2=,a3=,a4=,b0=,b1=,b2=,b3=0,b4= 在 DSP Builder中,建立一個新模型,按照上述參數(shù)設計完成 4階 IIR濾波 器模型,如圖 。 Simulink仿真模塊“ Pulse Generator”(脈沖發(fā)生器)模擬了一個單位沖激函數(shù)。 修改 Simulink的仿真參數(shù)設置,設置“ Stop time”仿真停止時間為“ 50”,“ Solver options”中“ Type”為“ FixedStep”。仿真結(jié)果如圖。 生成的 VHDL 代碼如圖 所示。 圖 綜合后的 TCL文件 Quartus II 編譯 : 單擊 SignalCompiler 中的步驟 3圖標,調(diào)用 Quartus II完成編譯適配過程,生成編譯文件: 文件和 文件。 33 圖 4階級聯(lián)型 IIR濾波器 在上述模塊參數(shù)設置中, A11等增益模塊應設置為 IIR濾波器的系數(shù),這需要給定或者按照設計要求進行計算。 打開 MATLAB中的 FDATool進行濾波器系數(shù)計算,如圖 。如圖 IIR濾波器的相頻特性;圖 IIR濾波器的階躍響應。對于級聯(lián)型 IIR濾波器,導出的系數(shù)分成兩個部分: SOS矩陣和 G增益,其中對于多個級聯(lián)的 IIR濾波器, SOS矩陣為一個二維矩陣。 G模塊的“ Gain Value”是 G( 2); B10模塊為 SOS( 1,1); B11模塊為 SOS( 1,2); B12模塊為 SOS( 1,3); A11模塊為 SOS( 1,5); A1模塊為 SOS( 1,6); B20模塊為 SOS( 2,1); B21模塊為 SOS( 2,2); B22模塊為 SOS( 2,3); A21模塊為 SOS( 2,5); A22模塊為 SOS( 2,6)。 ( 4)設置系數(shù) 設置 Simulink仿真參 數(shù)“ Stop time( 停止時間 )”為 1e6, 類型為“ Fixedstep”。由于 Step模塊生成了一個階躍函數(shù),故仿真結(jié)果為 IIR濾波器的階躍響應,如圖 。 生成的 VHDL 代碼如圖 所示。 37 圖 生成的 TCL文件 Quartus II 編譯 : 單擊 SignalCompiler 中的步驟 3圖標,調(diào)用 Quartus II完成編譯適配過程,生成編譯文件: 文件和文件 ,可以直接用于 FPGA 的編程配置 。從最初的茫然,到慢慢的進入狀態(tài),再到對思路逐漸的清晰,整個寫作過程難以用語言來表達?;叵脒@段日子的經(jīng)歷和感受,我感慨萬千,在這次畢業(yè)設計的過程中,我擁有了無數(shù)難忘的回憶和收獲。當選 題報告,開題報告定下來的時候,我當時便立刻著手 資料的收集工作中,當時面對浩瀚的書海真是有些茫然,不知如何下手, 我 很快 將這一困難告訴了導師,在導師細心的指導 之 下,終于 使我對自己 的工作方向和方法有了 大致的 掌握。我將收集到的資料仔細整理分類,及時拿給導師進行溝通。在寫作過程中也不是一帆風順的,我也遇到很多問題,但是遇到困難我就及時和 導師聯(lián)系,并和同學互相交流,請教專業(yè)課老師。每一次遇到問題的時候心情都會有點低落,但是每一次經(jīng)過自己的努力解決好了問題就會感到十分的高興。 當我終于完成了所有的任務后整個人都很累,但同時看著電腦熒屏上的畢業(yè)設計稿件我的心里是甜的,我覺得這一切都值了。在論文中我充分地運用了大學期間所學到的知識。在了解和學習的同時不僅培養(yǎng)了我嚴肅認真的做事作風,還是一次意志的磨練,是對我實際能力的一次提升。 此次的經(jīng)歷會使我終身受益,我感受到要是真真正正用心去做一件事情,是真正的自己學習和研究的過程,沒有學習就不可能有研究的能力,沒有自己的研究,就不 會有所突破。 參考文獻 [1]程佩青。 [2]潘松,黃繼業(yè),王國棟。 [3]潘松,黃繼業(yè)。 [4]屈星,唐寧等。 [5]彭雪峰,汪臨偉,許建平。 [6]丁玉美,高西全。 [7]張志恒 。 [8]胡廣書。 Digital Singal Processing with Field Programmable Gate Arrays,清華大學出版社, 2020?;?VHDL 語言的八階 IIR 語音低通數(shù)字濾波器,桂林航天工業(yè)高等??茖W校 電報, 2020。數(shù)字信號處理及其 MATLAB 實現(xiàn),電子工業(yè)出版社, 1998?;?FPGA 的嵌入式系統(tǒng)設計,西安電子科技大學出版社, 2020。 boxing is a human bloodsport in which the intention is to hurt one39。 he then had half a minute39。s hands, protected only by having been soaked in brine. With their bination of boxing and wrestling moves, early contests were literally ‘no holds barred’。s Rules of 1743 eradicated some of the barbarism by outlawing the hitting of a man when he was down, and the seizing of hair or the body below the waist, but they still permitted butting. Yet it was not the brutality of the prizering which brought its demise, but the corruption with which it became associated. The revival of the sport as boxing in late Victorian Britain saw several changes designed to render it more civilized. Although some of the old practices continued for a while — even the famous Queensbury Rules initially allowed endurance contests — by the turn of the century the general picture was one of boxing in gloves, limitedtime rounds, points decisions after a fixed number of rounds had elapsed, and weight divisions, though the latter have accentuated problems of dehydration as fighters struggle to ‘make the weight’. For much of the twentieth century the history of boxing has been one of crumbling resistance to changes intended to protect further the brains and bodies of participants. Between 1984 and 1993 eight boxers had died soon after fights in the UK。s condition between rounds and may remend that the contest be stopped. Doctors also examine each boxer at the conclusion of fights and paramedic teams must be on hand at all boxing bills. The medical profession in several countries has increasingly adopted an antiboxing stance, citing irreversible brain damage as its major objection to the sport. This is a key point for, in absolute terms of deaths and serious injuries, other sports such as horseracing, mountaineering, rugby, and even cricket appear more dangerous, but in none of them is deliberate and repeated striking of an opponent part of the rules of the game. In contrast a boxer has a licence for physical assault. The evidence is clear that repeated pummelling to the head can cause cumulative damage to the brain: here time is no great healer. Occasionally, acute brain injury can occur during a fight. The greatest danger es towards the end when a tired man with a loose neck has his head flipped back rapidly by a punch. This can tear a vein outside or inside the brain, which then leaks blood, causing pressure on the brain and eventually leading to a a. Only if the clot is removed rapidly can the fighter survive. Fighters now train harder。 antiboxing Bills proposed in parliament have failed to reach the statute books. Most schools, both state and public, however, have dropped boxing from their physical education curriculum. Yet it should be noted that amateur boxing is exceptionally well regulated: not more than four rounds are fought, headguards are worn, and the referee is allowed to stop a fight to prevent serious injury. However, headguards, whilst absorbing energy from punches, present an even larger target to be hit and thus the number of blows striking home may well increase. Indeed, studies have shown that nonboxing sportsmen outperform even amateur fighters in neurological tests and, notwithstanding the safety precautions, three amateur fighters have suffered serious brain injury in British rings since 1988. For centuries boxing has been the epitome of overt masculinity, a demonstration of manliness a