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)動物名詞的指代一般用it或they代替,有時也用he, she,帶有親切的感情色彩。她餓了。并列人稱代詞的排列順序 1) 單數人稱代詞并列作主語時,其順序為:第二人稱 - 第三人稱 - 第一人稱you - he/she。a. 在承認錯誤,承擔責任時, It was I and John that made her angry. 是我和約翰惹她生氣了。物主代詞 1)物主代詞既有表示所屬的作用又有指代作用,例如: John had cut his finger。物主代詞有形容詞性(my, your等)和名詞性(mine, yours等)兩種,形容詞性的物主代詞屬于限定詞。s屬格結構,例如:Jack39。s.His cap 意為 The cap is his.2) 名詞性物主代詞的句法功能a. 作主語,例如:May I use your pen? Yours works better.我可以用一用你的鋼筆嗎? 你的比我的好用。c. 作介詞賓語,例如:Your should interpret what I said in my sense of the word, not in yours.你應當按我所用的詞義去解釋我說的話,而不能按你自己的意義去解釋。s yours. It39。雙重所有格 物主代詞不可與 a, an, this, that, these, those, some, any, several, no, each, every, such, another, which等詞一起前置,修飾一個名詞,而必須用雙重所有格。如:a friend of mine.each brother of his.反身代詞 1) 列表 Iyouyoushehemyselfyourselfyourselvesherselfhimselfwetheyitoneourselvesthemselvesitselfoneself2)做賓語a. 有些動詞需有反身代詞 absent, bathe, amuse, blame, dry, cut, enjoy, hurt, introduce, behave We enjoyed ourselves very much last 。b. 用于及物動詞+賓語+介詞 take pride in, be annoyed with, help oneself to sth. I could not dress (myself) up at that 。Please sit 。The thing itself is not 。如:No one but myself (me) is hurt.注意: a. 反身代詞本身不能單獨作主語。b. 但在and, or, nor連接的并列主語中,第二個主語可用反身代詞,特別是myself 作主語。You should be proud of 。他們表示句中動詞所敘述的動作或感覺在涉及的各個對象之間是相互存在的,例如:It is easy to see that the people of different cultures have always copied each other.顯而易見,不同文化的人總是相互借鑒的。b. 可作介詞賓語;Does bark, cocks crow, frogs croak to each 、雞鳴、蛙兒對唱?,F代英語中,兩組詞交替使用的實例也很多,例如:He put all the books beside each other.他把所有書并列擺放起來。Usually these small groups were independent of each other.這些小團體通常是相互獨立的。s構成所有格,例如:The students borrowed each other39。指示代詞 1) 指示代詞分單數(this / that)和復數(these / those)兩種形式,既可作限定詞又可做代詞,例如:單數復數限定詞:This girl is men are myteachers.代詞:This is Mary. Those are myteachers.2) 指示代詞的句法功能;a. 作主語This is the way to do it.這事兒就該這樣做。 c. 作主語補語My point is this.我的觀點就是如此。t say no to that. 我并未拒絕那個。說明1:指示代詞在作主語時可指物也可指人,但作其他句子成分時只能指物,不能指人,例如:(對)That is my 。(this作限定詞)(錯)He is going to marry this.(this作賓語時不能指人)(對)I bought 。(對) He admired those who looked beautiful. 他贊賞那些外表漂亮的人。(those指人)[來源:學amp。網](對) He admired those which looked beautiful. 他贊賞那些外表漂亮的東西。疑問代詞有下列幾個:指人: who, whom, whose指物: what既可指人又可指物: which2) 疑問代詞在句中應位于謂語動詞之前,沒有性和數的變化,除who之外也沒有格的變化。試比較:疑問代詞:Whose are these books on the desk?桌上的書是誰的?What was the directional flow of U. S. territorial expansion? 美國的領土擴張是朝哪個方向的?限定詞:Whose books are these on the desk?桌上的書是誰的?What events led to most of the east of the Mississippi River being part of the United States?哪些事件使密西西比河以東的大部分土地歸屬于美國?說明1: 無論是做疑問代詞還是限定詞,which 和 what 所指的范圍不同。)說明3:疑問代詞用于對介詞賓語提問時,過去的文體中介詞和疑問代詞通常一起放在句首,現代英語中,疑問代詞在句首,介詞在句未,例如:For what do most people live and work?大部分人生活和工作的目的是什么?(舊文體)What are you looking for?你在找什么?(現代英語)說明4:疑問代詞還可引導名詞性從句,例如:I can39。Can you tell me whose is the blue shirt on the bed?你能告訴我床上的藍襯衣是誰的嗎?Much of what you say I agree with, but I cannot go all the way with you.你說的我大部分同意,但并不完全贊同。它代表先行詞,同時在從句中作一定的句子成分,例如:The girl to whom I spoke is my 。)2) 關系代詞有主格,賓格和屬格之分,并有指人與指物之分。(whose 指物,在限定性定語從句中作定語)He came back for the book which he had 。說明: 關系代詞that在從句中作賓語或表語時可省略, 例如:I39。He39。s not the man he was. 他變化很大,已不是過去的他了。2) 不定代詞的功能與用法[來源:學*科*網Z*X*X*K] 和no外不定代詞既可用作名詞,也可用作形容詞。I have no idea about it.b. all 都,指三者以上。All goes 。 但all可與表時間的可數名詞單數連用,如 all day,all night,all the year; 但習慣上不說 all hour,all century。a. both 與復數動詞連用,但 both… and…可與單數名詞連用。如果助動詞或情態(tài)動詞后面的實義動詞省 去,則位于助動詞或情態(tài)動詞之前。b. 作定語與單數名詞連用,但neither… nor 用作并列連詞,可與復數名詞連用。,避免重復。t sing,neither (can) he. neither 與nor ,則主句用neither,而不用 nor。t do it,neither should ,我也不干。He can39。 在答語中,none可單獨使用。但如做表語,則其單復數與表語一致。三、some 一些1) 可與復數名詞及不可數名詞連用。(= a certain)You will be sorry for this some day.總有一天,你會后悔這件事的。注意:(1)在肯定疑問句中用some代替any。Would you like句式中,表委婉請求或建議,如:Would you like some coffee?,如:If you need some help,let me know.c. some位于主語部分,Some students haven39。如:I haven39。四、any 一些1)any 多用于否定句和疑問句和條件狀語從句中。Here are three novels. You may read ,你可任讀一本。如果替代的名詞時無形容詞在前,則用some, any,而不 用ones。that與所指名詞為同類,但不是同一個,而it 與所指名詞為同一個。t find my hat. I think I must buy one.(不定)我找不到我的帽子了。The hat you bought is bigger than that I bought.(同類但不同個)你買的那頂帽子比我買的大。t find my hat. I don39。我不知道我把它放在哪了。 2) 一定范圍內兩人(物),一個用one,另一個用the other。4) 一定范圍內,除去一部分人/物,剩余的全部用the others。the的妙用 He is one of the students who help me.He is the one of the students who helps me.他是幫我的學生之一。第二句定語從句與the one 一致。... 1.anyone 和 any one anyone僅指人,any one既可指人,也可指物。b)none 作主語,謂語動詞用單,復數均可,而no one作主語謂語動詞只能是單數。 Did any one call me up just now?剛才有人打電話給我嗎? No 。 Every student in our school works 。2)every 指三個以上的人或物(含三個),each指兩個以上的人或物 (含兩個)。each可作代詞或形容詞。5)every 有反復重復的意思,如 every two weeks等; each沒有。Every man is not honest. 并非每個人都誠實。both, either, neither,... 這些詞都可用作代詞或形容詞。1)both (兩者都),either(兩者中任何一個), neither (兩者都不)。Neither of the two boys is 。Both the boys are 。There are flowers on both sides of the street.(兩岸)There are flowers on either side of the street.(岸的兩邊)路邊長滿了野花。 以上詞使用范圍為三者以上。I don39。I like none of the 。跟單數名詞,用單數動詞;跟復數名詞,用復數動詞。All (of) the milk is there.[來源:學科網ZXXK]所有的牛奶都在那。 How many people are there at the meeting? How much time has we left? Many of the workers were at the meeting.Much of the time was spent on learning.few, little, a few,...(a) few + 可數名詞, (a) little + 不可數名詞a few / a little 為肯定含義,還有一點few / little為否定含義,沒有多少了。He has few 。There is little time 。s wealthy,he spends___ on clothes.A. little B. Few C. a little D. a few答案: A. spend所指的是錢,不可數,只能用little或 a little. 本句為although引導的[來源:學|科|網Z|X|X|K]讓步狀語從句,由句意知后句為否定含義,因此應用little表示幾乎不。通常,可將形容詞分成性質形容詞和敘述形容詞兩類,其位置不一定都放在名詞前面。例如:hot 熱的。這類形容詞沒有級的變化,也不可用程度副詞修飾。例如:afraid 害怕的。3)形容詞作定語修飾名詞時,要放在名詞的前邊。但 friendly,deadly,lovely,lonely,likely,lively,ugly,brotherl