【正文】 ereto。（一）注意介詞或介詞短語(yǔ)的翻譯　 14）The participants in the Joint Venture shall mence discussion with regard to the extension of the period of existence of the Venture and in the event of their agreeing upon such extension, they shall record such agreement in a written document signed by all of them not later than three years prior to the expiry of the current period.（就本合資企業(yè)的存續(xù)時(shí)限的延期問(wèn)題，各方應(yīng)進(jìn)行討論；一旦各方就此達(dá)成一致，應(yīng)形成書(shū)面協(xié)議，由各方在本合同期限到期之前的三年內(nèi)簽字生效。當(dāng)然，商務(wù)英語(yǔ)詞語(yǔ)選擇中的正式性與非正式性是相對(duì)而言的，且無(wú)優(yōu)劣之分，一切需視具體的使用場(chǎng)合而定。）　 本句中的unless otherwise比if not和 otherwise表達(dá)正式?！? 16）On the FOB basis, the Buyer shall book shipping space in accordance with the date of shipment specified in the contract.（按照FOB條件，由買(mǎi)方負(fù)責(zé)根據(jù)合同規(guī)定的裝運(yùn)日期洽定艙位。（二）注意詞語(yǔ)并列的現(xiàn)象（juxtaposition）　　國(guó)際商務(wù)合同力求正式而準(zhǔn)確，避免可能出現(xiàn)的誤解或分歧，所以同義詞（近義詞）并列的現(xiàn)象十分普遍。比如，terms在合同中一般指付款或費(fèi)用（手續(xù)費(fèi)、傭金等有關(guān)金錢(qián)的）條件，而conditions則指其它條件，但是“terms and conditions”常常作為固定模式在合同中出現(xiàn)，就不宜分譯成“條件和條款”，而直接合譯成“條款”?！? 18）The amendments to or alteration of this contract bee effect only after they are signed by parties hereto and approved by the original approving authorities.　 19）If the contract shall duly perform and observe all terms, provisions, conditions and stipulations of the said contract, the otherwise shall be remain in full force and effect.　 對(duì)于合同中出現(xiàn)的同義詞、近義詞、相關(guān)詞的并列現(xiàn)象，翻譯時(shí)應(yīng)仔細(xì)考慮單詞的內(nèi)涵、合同文體以及句法要求等相關(guān)因素。奈達(dá)的“動(dòng)態(tài)對(duì)等理論”?！? 在以上三句中，“made and entered into”、“amendments to and alteration of ”、“terms, provisions, conditions and stipulations”、“force and effect”是幾組同義詞?！? 類(lèi)似的表達(dá)還有：any and all（全部）、any duties, obligations or liabilities（所有責(zé)任）、applicable laws, regulations, decrees, directives, and rules（適用法律法規(guī)）、charges, fees, costs and expenses（各種費(fèi)用）、covenants and agreements（合同，協(xié)議）、customs and usages（慣例）、free and clear of（無(wú)）、import duty and tax（進(jìn)口稅捐）、keep secret and confidential（保密）、licenses and permits（許可）、null and void（無(wú)效）、packing and wrapping expenses（包裝費(fèi)）、rights and interests（權(quán)益）、settle claims and debts（清理債務(wù)）、ships and vessels（船只）、sign and issue（簽發(fā)）、support and maintenance（維護(hù)）、use and wont（習(xí)慣，慣例），等等。句子的狀語(yǔ)（從句）和定語(yǔ)（從句）等附加成分很多，且往往位置明顯，對(duì)主句意義進(jìn)行解釋、限制或補(bǔ)充，一則可以體現(xiàn)這種文體莊嚴(yán)的風(fēng)格、嚴(yán)謹(jǐn)?shù)慕Y(jié)構(gòu)和清晰的邏輯；二則便于排除被曲解、誤解而出現(xiàn)歧義引發(fā)爭(zhēng)端的可能性，維護(hù)雙方的合法權(quán)益。短語(yǔ)與詞組——Unless otherwise: 除非。 Unless otherwise expressly specified in the Contract, the Engineer shall have no authority to relieve the Contractor of any of his obligations under the Contract. 除非在合同中明確規(guī)定，工程師無(wú)權(quán)解除合同規(guī)定的承包人的任何義務(wù)?！猧n accordance with, under, pursuant to: 根據(jù)，依照 On the FOB basis, the Buyer shall book shipping space in accordance with the date of shipment specified in the Contract. 按照FOB條款，由買(mǎi)方負(fù)責(zé)根據(jù)合同規(guī)定的裝運(yùn)日期預(yù)定艙位?！猧n respect of, in respect thereof: 關(guān)于 比about, concerning, as regards 正式。 The contractor has included a claim in respect thereof in his Final Statement. 承包人已在其最終報(bào)告中，包括了對(duì)此事的索賠。在該費(fèi)用付清之前，轉(zhuǎn)讓行無(wú)辦理轉(zhuǎn)讓的義務(wù)。發(fā)生 In the event that either party hereto fails to ply with the terms or conditions of this Agreement, and , within 90 days after the written notice is issued by the other Party hereto, fails to remedy such failure, the Party giving notice may, forthwith, notify the other Party of the matter in question and terminate this Agreement. 若任何一方未能履行本協(xié)議規(guī)定的條款或條件，并在收到另一方書(shū)面通知后90天內(nèi)未對(duì)其不履行進(jìn)行補(bǔ)救，發(fā)出通知的一方可立即通知另一方終止本協(xié)議?！猵rovided that, 但規(guī)定，規(guī)定；但是 該詞組常用于在合同的某一條款中需要作進(jìn)一步規(guī)定時(shí)，或在規(guī)定時(shí)語(yǔ)氣上表示轉(zhuǎn)折時(shí)。 但是，如果根據(jù)業(yè)主任命工程師的條件，要求工程師在行使上述權(quán)力之前，應(yīng)得到業(yè)主的具體批準(zhǔn)，則此類(lèi)要求的細(xì)節(jié)應(yīng)在本合同予以表明。 In the absence of such indication, the Credit shall be deemed to be revocable. 如無(wú)該項(xiàng)表示，信用證應(yīng)視為可以撤消的?！猧n case, in (the) case of,如果，有“一旦，萬(wàn)一”的意思 In case the quality, quantity, weight of the goods are not in conformity with the provisions of the Contract after arrival of the goods at the port of destination, the Buyer may, under survey report issued by an inspection organization agreed by the partiers thereto, lodge claim with the Seller, with the exception, however, of those claims for which the insurance pany and/or the shipping pany shall be responsible. 在貨物運(yùn)抵目的港后，一旦發(fā)現(xiàn)貨物質(zhì)量、數(shù)量或重量與合同規(guī)定的不符，買(mǎi)方可以根據(jù)雙方同意的檢驗(yàn)組織出具的檢驗(yàn)證書(shū)，向賣(mài)方索賠?！猙e liable for, be liable to Be liable for sth。 Party A shall not, under this guarantee, be liable for any direct or indirect loss whatsoever arising out of any defect in the parts or ponents thereof. 根據(jù)本擔(dān)保，甲方不應(yīng)承擔(dān)因零部件缺陷而引起的任何直接或間接損失的賠償責(zé)任。——in Testimony Whereof In Testimony Whereof: in Witness Whereof, 以此為證，特立此證 作為正式性的體現(xiàn)，該短語(yǔ)常常在合同結(jié)尾條款中使用，以鄭重其事，重申合同的嚴(yán)肅性、重要性；在句子結(jié)構(gòu)上起到承前啟后的作用，以引出結(jié)語(yǔ)。 In Testimony Whereof, the parties hereto have respectively caused this document to be made and executed in duplicate, as of the day and year first written above. 本文件一式兩份，由本合同雙方分別于上面所訂日期訂立，特此為證。Know All Men by there presents, undersigned, Now ThereforeKnow All Men by these presents: 根據(jù)本文件， 特此宣布。Now Therefore: 特此，因此等。本保證書(shū)對(duì)銀行及其繼承人和受讓人均具有約束力。第三節(jié) 合同英語(yǔ)的句法特點(diǎn)及翻譯要點(diǎn)一、句子結(jié)構(gòu) 國(guó)際經(jīng)濟(jì)合同文件及其法律文件中的英文句子具有結(jié)構(gòu)嚴(yán)謹(jǐn)、句式較長(zhǎng)的特點(diǎn)。主句中狀語(yǔ)的位置 一般應(yīng)放在shall, may等情態(tài)助動(dòng)詞之后，行為動(dòng)詞之前。 A foreign pany may, pursuant to this law, establish branches within the Territory of China, and may engage in production and operational activities. 外國(guó)公司依照本法規(guī)定可以在中國(guó)境內(nèi)設(shè)立分支機(jī)構(gòu)，從事生產(chǎn)經(jīng)營(yíng)活動(dòng)。 If, during the effective term of a takeover offer, the purchaser needs to alter any items in the takeover offer, the purchaser shall submit a report to the securities regulatory authorities under the State Council and the stock exchange in advance. The purchaser shall, after approval of the report, make the fact in question know to the public. 在收購(gòu)要約的有效期限內(nèi)，收購(gòu)人需要變更收購(gòu)要約中事項(xiàng)的，必須事先向國(guó)務(wù)院證券監(jiān)督管理機(jī)構(gòu)及證券交易所提出報(bào)告，經(jīng)獲準(zhǔn)后予以公布。 The Contractor shall, if called upon so to do, enter into and execute the Contract Agreement to be prepared and pleted at the cost of the Employer in the form annexed to these conditions with such modifications as may be necessary. 在被邀請(qǐng)簽約時(shí)，承包人應(yīng)同意簽訂并履行合同協(xié)議書(shū)，該協(xié)議書(shū)由業(yè)主按照本合同條件所附格式擬定，如有必要，可對(duì)其進(jìn)行修改。關(guān)于such 188。as作關(guān)系代詞來(lái)引到從句，把所修飾的詞或詞組放在such和as之間，這樣使意思明確，從而避免了日后因理解不一致引起糾紛。such 188。 若用基礎(chǔ)英語(yǔ)中常用的which,that來(lái)作關(guān)系代詞引到定語(yǔ)從句，容易引起爭(zhēng)議。 188。such Supplementary Drawings and instructions as shall be necessary for the execution and the remedying of any defects therein.18