【正文】 召集、主持。shall沒有譯出。 　 11）The quality and prices of the modities to be exchanged between the eximporters in the two countries shall be acceptable to both sides. （貨物的質(zhì)量和價(jià)格必須使進(jìn)出口雙方都能接受。）　 上句中的shall 和may表達(dá)準(zhǔn)確。s Court having jurisdiction on such dispute for settlement in the absence of any arbitration clause in the disputed contract or in default of agreement reached after such dispute occurs. （雙方首先應(yīng)通過友好協(xié)商，解決因合同而發(fā)生的或與合同有關(guān)的爭議。所以，shall在譯文里，通常表示“應(yīng)該”或“必須”，當(dāng)然，也有不翻譯的時(shí)候。　 b. Shall：在合同中并不是單純的將來時(shí)，一般用它來表示法律上可以強(qiáng)制執(zhí)行的義務(wù)（Obligation）?！? a. May：在表示合同上的權(quán)利（Right）、權(quán)限（Power）或特權(quán)（Privilege）的場合中使用。 A contract for supply and use of electricity refers to a contract whereby the supplier of electricity supplies electricity to the user of electricity, and the user of electricity pays the electric fee. 供用電合同是供電人向用電人供電，用電人支付電費(fèi)的合同。常用于合同協(xié)議書中以引出合同當(dāng)事人應(yīng)承擔(dān)的主要合同義務(wù)。 Whereas Party A desires to use the Patented Technology of Party B to manufacture and sell the Contract Products。常用于合同協(xié)議書的開頭段落以引出合同雙方訂立合同的理由或依據(jù)?！獁hereas Whareas: considering that, 鑒于，就188。 The decision and award of the arbitration tribunal shall be final, and judgment on the decision and award in question may, under the request of either party to the Contract, be made by any court having jurisdiction. The parties thereto shall, in good faith, ply with the decision and award of the arbitration tribunal. 仲裁庭的仲裁決定或裁決是終局性的，任何一方可以要求任何有管轄權(quán)的法院對此做出司法判決?！猼hereafter, thereto, therewith, therefor, thereunder Thereafter: after that, 此后，之后Thereto：to that, 隨附，附之Therewith: with that, 與此，與之Therefor,: for that, 因之，為此Thereunder: under that, 在其下，依照 “Contract Products” means the products specified in Appendix 2 to this Contract, together with all improvements and modifications thereof or developments with respect thereto. “合同產(chǎn)品”指本合同附件2中規(guī)定的產(chǎn)品及其改進(jìn)和開發(fā)的產(chǎn)品。這些檢驗(yàn)是由承包人在業(yè)主接收工程或工程的任何部分之前進(jìn)行的?！睍r(shí)，可以使用該詞。 The contractor shall not, without the prior consent of the Employer, assign the Contract or any part thereof, or any benefit or interest therein or thereunder, otherwise than by: 沒有業(yè)主的事先同意，承包人不得將合同或合同的任何部分，或合同中或合同名下的任何利益或好處進(jìn)行轉(zhuǎn)讓，但下列情況除外： Therein: in the contract Thereunder: under the contract——thereof thereof: of that, of it. 由此，其。工程中的188。——therein therein: in that, in that particular context, in that respect. 在那里，在那點(diǎn)上，在那方面。一般與to be referred to as, referred to as, called 等詞組連用，以避免重復(fù)。Named port of shipment) 船上交貨(188。 The term “FOB”, “CFR” or “CIF” shall be subject to the “International Rules for the Interpretation of Trade Terms” (INCOTERMS, 2000) provided by International Chamber of Commerce (ICC) unless otherwise specified herein (in this Contract). 除非本合同另有規(guī)定， “FOB”, “CFR” 或 “CIF” 均應(yīng)依照國際商會制定的《國際貿(mào)易術(shù)語解釋通則（INCOTERMS）2000》辦理。”時(shí)，使用該詞。在表示上文已提及的“本合同（中）的188。 “Patented Technology” means such patent, and such applications for the patent as are presently owned or will hereafter be acquired in the future by Party B, or as Party B has or may have the right to control, or as are permitted to be transferred during the effective period of this Contract in any or all countries of the world, and as are applicable to or may be used in the manufacture of Contract Products specified by the Parties hereto. “專利技術(shù)”系指乙方目前擁有的或未來獲得的，或乙方有權(quán)或可能有控制權(quán)的，或在本合同有效期在世界任何國家許可轉(zhuǎn)讓的，適用于或可能適用制造本合同雙方規(guī)定的本合同產(chǎn)品的專利和專利申請。仲裁裁決是終局性的，對雙方都有約束力。”時(shí)，使用該詞。在表示上文已提及的“本合同的188。 This decision shall apply to the crimes mitted against Article 9, Article 10 and Article 11 hereof by the staff and workers of enterprises other than limited liability panies and panies limited by shares. 有限責(zé)任公司和股份有限公司以外的企業(yè)職工有本決定第九條、第十條和第十一條規(guī)定的犯罪行為的，適用本決定。 The terms, conditions and provisions hereof：本合同的條件和條款。 This contract is hereby made and concluded by and betweenCo. (hereinafter referred to as Party A) and Co. (hereinafter referred to as Party B) on(data), in(Place), China, on the principle of equality and mutual benefit and through amicable consultation. 本合同雙方，公司 (以下稱甲方) 與公司(以下稱乙方) 于(日期)在中國(地點(diǎn)), 本著平等互利和友好協(xié)商的原則特簽訂本合同。 The Employer hereby covenants to pay the Contractor in consideration of the execution and pletion of the Works and the remedying of defects therein the Contract Price or such other sum as may bee payable under the provisions of the Contract at the time and in the manner prescribed by the Contract. 業(yè)主特立此約保證在合同規(guī)定的期限內(nèi)，按合同規(guī)定的方式向承包人支付合同價(jià)，或合同規(guī)定的其它應(yīng)支付的款項(xiàng)，以作為本工程施工、竣工及修補(bǔ)工程中缺陷的報(bào)酬?！猦erebyHereby: by means of 。 英語中某些副詞如“here”和 “where”在法律文件中往往當(dāng)作前綴，與另外一個(gè)詞構(gòu)成一個(gè)正式法律詞匯中的副詞，在法律文件中用這些詞，可以避免重復(fù)，使行文準(zhǔn)確、簡潔。如將“the said contract”綜合全句來看，則其最對等的譯文為“上述內(nèi)容”。另外兩個(gè)舊體詞“之”和“系”顯示合同翻譯風(fēng)格正式而緊湊的典型特點(diǎn)；在后一個(gè)例子中，根據(jù)上下文來看，“thereof”一詞的意思是“of the said contract”，譯為“本合同的”。 除了語法分析法之外，還可以運(yùn)用奈達(dá)的動態(tài)等值理論，將前后語篇綜合起來考慮，并尋求合適的、最對等的詞意，用舊體詞來保持商務(wù)合同的莊重、嚴(yán)肅的文體風(fēng)格，比如：　 8) The undersigned hereby certify that the goods to be supplied are made in USA.（下列簽署人茲保證所供應(yīng)之貨物系在美國國內(nèi)制造。一個(gè)簡單的理解方法是：here代表this，there代表that，where代表what/which?！　∵@些虛詞的使用使得句子簡練、嚴(yán)謹(jǐn)，從而顯示出該類語言正規(guī)、嚴(yán)肅、權(quán)威等文體特征。由以上各例可見，由于對商務(wù)合同中專業(yè)詞匯的錯(cuò)誤理解和翻譯，從而傳達(dá)了一種錯(cuò)誤信息從而可能引發(fā)法律糾紛。)　 6）The payment shall be made by confirmed. irrevocable and documentary L／C. (初始譯文：付款方式為經(jīng)確認(rèn)的、不可撤銷的、書面信用證。例如： 請?jiān)倏匆韵聨桌骸? 4）Contractor shall assure full responsibility for the entire project work until its acceptance. (初始譯文：在項(xiàng)目接收之前，承包方應(yīng)對工程承擔(dān)全部責(zé)任。這些專業(yè)或法律術(shù)語的語義相對固定單一，通常無法用其他詞語代替，任何人在任何情況下都必須對它們作同一解釋。（二）注意合同本身的術(shù)語 　　合同自身也有大量具有法律特性的合同術(shù)語。第一句出自保險(xiǎn)業(yè)，意思是“被保險(xiǎn)的貨物”；第二句源于國際貿(mào)易，意思是“一方由于未能支付到期的應(yīng)付款項(xiàng)而向另一方支付的利息”；而第三句屬于營銷業(yè)，此時(shí)的interest則應(yīng)譯成“對什么產(chǎn)品、品牌感興趣”。一、用詞專業(yè)，具有法律意味（professional or legal）（一）根據(jù)不同的專業(yè)來確定詞義。屆時(shí)，承包人和業(yè)主雙方的合同義務(wù)都已解除。 第二個(gè)階段為修補(bǔ)工程中的缺陷。 根據(jù)一般國際承包工程的做法以及國際工程承包法規(guī)（FIDIC合同條款）的規(guī)定，工程分為兩個(gè)階段完成： 第一個(gè)階段為：設(shè)計(jì)、施工和竣工。（3）外語與相關(guān)的專業(yè)知識和國際法知識相結(jié)合 The Engineer shall have authority to issue to the Contractor, from time to time, such supplementary Drawings and instructions as shall be necessary for the purpose of the proper and adequate execution and pletion of the works and the remedying of any defects therein. 工程師有權(quán)隨時(shí)向承包人發(fā)出為合理和恰當(dāng)施工，竣工及修補(bǔ)工程中的缺陷所必須的補(bǔ)充圖紙和指示。 This agreement is made and entered into by