【正文】 to hear the news．我們很高興聽到這消息。c：不定式做狀語時，其邏輯主語一般為句子的主語，否則用for引導(dǎo)主語。它在句中可以用作主語、賓語、表語和雙重賓語。(主語)I don39。(賓語)The difficulty was how to cross the river．困難在于如何過河。（雙重賓語）注），如：I have no idea of how to do 。When the streets are full of melting snow, you cannot help but getting your shoes wet.(3)不帶to的不定式1）在表示生理感覺的動詞后的不定式不帶to。如： Let him do 。(注)：①上述感覺動詞與使役動詞轉(zhuǎn)換為被動結(jié)構(gòu)時．其后的不定式一般需帶to，如： He was seen to e．The boy was made to go to bed early.②在動詞find與help之后，不定式可帶to亦可不帶to，如: He was surprised to find the sheep(to)break fence at this season．他發(fā)現(xiàn)羊在此季節(jié)越出柵欄，感到驚訝。例如：Last night I did nothing but watch TV．昨天晚上，我除了看電視別的什么也沒有干。The doctor told him nothing but to stop smoking．醫(yī)生除了讓他戒煙，其它什么都沒有說。（4）不定式與動名詞的邏輯主語和分詞獨(dú)立結(jié)構(gòu)1)不定式的邏輯主語為：for +名詞(或代詞賓格)+ 不定式。(注)在表示人物性格、特性等的形容詞后面，常用of引出不定式的邏輯主語。2)動名詞的邏輯主語為；①人稱代詞的所有格+動名詞；②名詞39。例如： Tom insisted on my going with them．他堅持要我和他們一起去。s working late．他不喜歡他妻子工作得很晚。這類詞主要有：absurd, bold, brave, courageous, careful, careless, clever, wise, foolish, silly, stupid, good, nice, kind thoughtful, considerate, greedy, generous, honest, modest, polite, rude, cruel ,selfish, wicked, wrong等 It is very kind of you to help me．你幫助我太好了。It39。7．非謂語動詞中的有關(guān)句型（1）動名詞作主語的句型1）Doing...+ is an 。2)It is + no use, no good(fun, a great pleasure, a waste of time, a bore...)等名詞+doing is no use 。It is a great fun playing football．打籃球很有趣。3)It is + useless(nice, good，interesting, expensive等形容詞)+ doing sth． It is useless 。It is good Playing chess after supper．晚飯后弈棋挺好。有些非謂語形式已成為固定用語，用來表示說話人對說話內(nèi)容所特的態(tài)度。獨(dú)立主格結(jié)構(gòu)一、概念：“獨(dú)立主格結(jié)構(gòu)”是由名詞或代詞作為邏輯主語，加上分詞、形容詞、副詞、動詞不定式或介詞短語作為邏輯謂語構(gòu)成。二、功能：“獨(dú)立主格結(jié)構(gòu)”實質(zhì)就是帶有自己主語的非限定狀語從句。而有些非限定性從句和無動詞從句帶有自己的主語，在結(jié)構(gòu)上與主句不發(fā)生關(guān)系，因此成為獨(dú)立主格結(jié)構(gòu)。如：表原因、表條件、表方式、表伴隨、表時間等，在句中通常起狀語作用。按其結(jié)構(gòu)形式分為：—ing 分詞獨(dú)立主格結(jié)構(gòu)；—ed分詞獨(dú)立主格結(jié)構(gòu)；無動詞獨(dú)立主格結(jié)構(gòu)等。（代詞＋－ing。（無動詞結(jié)構(gòu)；表伴隨）The old man sat in his chair, his eyes ，閉著眼睛。表狀態(tài)）Class over, we began to play ，我們開始玩籃球。（借此結(jié)構(gòu)；表伴隨）The last guest to arrive, our party was ，我們的晚會開始了。但是，獨(dú)立主格結(jié)構(gòu)轉(zhuǎn)換成狀語從句后，有自己的邏輯主語，與主句的主語不一致；而分詞短語轉(zhuǎn)化為狀語從句后，從句的主語與主句的主語相同。⑵ When we see from the top floor, we can find the garden more beautiful.－→Seeing from the top floor, we can find the garden more ，花園更漂亮。語法上稱作“依著原則”；有些分詞結(jié)構(gòu)在句子上找不到它的邏輯主語，語法上稱作“懸垂分詞”。(依著原則)⑵ When planting these flowers, care must be taken not to damage the root.(我們)種花時必須小心，不能碰壞花根。這些短語有：generally speaking。judging from。例：⑴ Generally speaking, the rule is very easy to ，這個規(guī)則很容易懂。有些固定短語是帶to的不定式，表明說話人的立場和態(tài)度，在句中作獨(dú)立成分。to be sure。to cut a long story short。to make the matter worse等等。⑵ To make the matter worse, he locked his keys in the ，他把鑰匙鎖在車?yán)锪似?、非謂語動詞獨(dú)立主格結(jié)構(gòu)在獨(dú)立主格結(jié)構(gòu)中，非謂語動詞和它前面的名詞或代詞存在著邏輯上的主謂關(guān)系。（such an able man和 to help you 之間存在著主謂關(guān)系）= Since such an able man will help you, you will surely succeed sooner or seating himself at the desk, his mother began to tell him a ，他母親開始給他講故事。（lost 的邏輯主語是the key，lost 也可以用完成式having been lost）= Because the key to the bike had been lost, he had to walk to ．不定式“獨(dú)立主格結(jié)構(gòu)”在“邏輯主語+動詞不定式”結(jié)構(gòu)中，動詞不定式和它前面的名詞或代詞存在著邏輯上的主謂關(guān)系。1．動詞不定式用主動的形式在獨(dú)立主格結(jié)構(gòu)中，動詞不定式和它前面的名詞或代詞存在著邏輯上的主謂關(guān)系。（= As his mother is to e tonight, he is busy preparing the dinner.）——will you go to the concert tonight 你今晚去聽音樂會嗎？ —— many exercisebooks to check, I really can39。（＝Because I shall check so many exercisebooks tonight ,I really can39。（＝The four of us agreed on a division of labour and each is to translate a quarter of the book.）Many trees,flowers,and grass to be planted, our newlybuilt school will look even more ，花和草后，我們新建的學(xué)校將看上去更美。Being ill, he went ,他回家了。（= When he had seated himself at the desk, he began to read a magazine.）1． 表示時間的ing形式作“獨(dú)立主格結(jié)構(gòu)”Everyone being ready, the teacher began his ，老師開始上課。（相當(dāng)于一個時間狀語從句after everyone was seated）2． 表示原因的ing形式作“獨(dú)立主格結(jié)構(gòu)”The boy leading the way, we had no trouble finding the strange ，我們沒有困難就找到了那奇怪的洞。（相當(dāng)于一個原因狀語從句As many eyes were watching him）必背：含有being的獨(dú)立主格結(jié)構(gòu)。= As it is National Day today, the streets are very being no further business to discuss, we all went ，我們都回家了。（相當(dāng)于一個條件狀語從句If time permits)My health allowing, I will work far into the ，我愿工作到深夜。（相當(dāng)于一個并列分句and each wears a card in front of his chest）The boy lay on the grass, his eyes looking at the ，眼睛看著天空。The book written in simple English, English beginners were able to read ，英語初學(xué)者也能看懂。= As their living conditions were greatly improved, the workers worked still was listening attentively in class, his eyes fixed on the ，眼睛緊盯著黑板。 ，他休了兩個月的假。 leave.）比較：動詞不定式表示動作沒有發(fā)生或即將發(fā)生，動詞ed形式表示動作已經(jīng)結(jié)束，動詞ing形式往往表示動作正在進(jìn)行。（事情還沒有處理，而且是由經(jīng)理本人來處理，用不定式to settle）The manager looks relaxed, many things ，經(jīng)理看上去很輕松。（兩個動作同時進(jìn)行）The food cooked, the boy went to ，小孩去睡了。A． with+名詞代詞+形容詞He doesn’t like to sleep with the windows 。= He stood in the rain, and his clothes were ：在“with+名詞代詞+形容詞”構(gòu)成的獨(dú)立主格結(jié)構(gòu)中，也可用已形容詞化的ing形式或ed形式。With his father wellknown, the boy didn’t want to ，兒子不想讀書。= Our school looks even more beautiful if when all the lights are boy was walking, with his father ，小孩在后走著。= He stood at the door, and a puter was in his sat at the desk, with a pen in his Vincent sat at the desk, pen in ，嘴里銜著一支筆。= When his homework was done, Peter went out to the signal given, the train ，火車開始起動了。= I wouldn’t dare go home because the job was not ． with+名詞代詞+動詞的ing形式The man felt very happy with so many children sitting around ，那男子感到很高興。= The girl hid her box and no one knew where it anyone noticing, he slipped through the ，從窗口溜走了。= The little boy looks sad because he has so much homework to kid feels excited with so many places of interest to ，小孩很激動。Without a word more spoken, she left the meeting 。在形式上，“獨(dú)立主格結(jié)構(gòu)”可位于句首、句中或句尾，并通常用逗號與主句隔開。1．表示時間 Night ing on, we put ourselves up in a small ，我們在一家小旅館住了下來。（= When all the guests were seated, they began their dinner.）With everything she needed bought, Grace took a taxi ，格雷斯打的回家了。（= As he has a lot of difficult problems to settle, the newlyelected president is having a hard time.）There being no means of transportation, he had to walk home at ，他只好步行回家。（= If weather permits，we will hold our yearly spor