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himself at the desk, his mother began to tell him a key to the bike lost, he had to walk to ,他只好步行去學(xué)校。Such an able man to help you,you will surely succeed sooner or , 你遲早一定會成功的。例:⑴ To tell you the truth, what I said at the meeting was not my ,我在會上說的并不是我的意見。to be frank。to tell you the truth。這些短語有:to be honest。⑵ Judging from what he said, she must be an honest ,她一定很誠實(shí)。supposing等等。frankly speaking。(懸垂分詞)六、獨(dú)立主格結(jié)構(gòu)與獨(dú)立成分的異同:有的分詞短語可以獨(dú)立存在,在句子中沒有邏輯上的主語,實(shí)際上已經(jīng)成了習(xí)慣短語。例:⑴ Looking for my watch in the room, it had taken me a long ,用了我很長時(shí)間。還應(yīng)該注意,分詞結(jié)構(gòu)的邏輯主語不是總和主句的主語一致,而是主句的其他成分。例:⑴ If time permit, we’d better have a rest at this weekend.-→Time permitting,we’d better have a rest at this ,本周末我們最好休息一下。(名詞+不定式;表時(shí)間)五、獨(dú)立主格結(jié)構(gòu)與分詞短語作狀語的異同:獨(dú)立主格結(jié)構(gòu)與分詞短語都可以轉(zhuǎn)化成狀語從句。(名詞+副詞;表時(shí)間)Without a word more spoken, he picked up the ,他拾起那張紙。(名詞+-ed。表原因)Miss Wang e into the classroom, books in ,手里拿著書。四、舉例:There being nothing else to do, they gone ,他們離開了。三、形式:獨(dú)立主格結(jié)構(gòu)在形式上有兩部分組成:第一部分有名詞或代詞擔(dān)任,第二部分由分詞、動詞不定式、形容詞、副詞、或介詞短語擔(dān)任。其實(shí),雖然叫做獨(dú)立主格結(jié)構(gòu),并不是真正的獨(dú)立,它還是一種從屬分句,在句中有多種作用。眾所周知非限定性從句通常以主句的某一成分作為自己的邏輯主語,從而依附于主句。這種結(jié)構(gòu)在形式上與主句沒有關(guān)系,通常稱為“獨(dú)立主格結(jié)構(gòu)”。1)現(xiàn)在分詞的獨(dú)立結(jié)構(gòu)judging from / by?, generally speaking, strictly speaking 2)不定式的獨(dú)立結(jié)構(gòu)to tell you the truth, to make things worse, to begin / start with 3)動詞原形: Believe it or not(信不信由你)4)作連詞的分詞considering(考慮到,就?而言),providing / provided ?假如,supposing 假如 這些詞用來表示條件的連詞,后接that 從句。It is expensive running this car.開這種小車是浪費(fèi)。It is nice seeing you again.真高興又遇到了你。It is a waste of time trying to explain.設(shè)法解釋是浪費(fèi)時(shí)間。It is no good 。Seeing is 。s a great pity for there to be much trouble in the 。間或也可用for + there to be表示(而且there后面的不定式只能是to be)。3)某些形容詞,如:careless等不定式后可以加of來引導(dǎo)出其邏輯主語。He dislikes his wife39。s+動名詞。例如: It was wise of him to do that.他那樣做是明智的。例如: I found it impossible for him to do the job alone.我發(fā)現(xiàn)他—個(gè)人干這活是不可能的。There was nothing for them to do but to remain silent.除了保持沉默以外,他們沒有別有別的辦法。但是,如果謂語動詞不是“do nothing,anything,everything”,那么but(except)所跟的不定式則仍須帶。3)在do nothing/anything/everything but(except)結(jié)構(gòu)中。I would have you know that I am ill.我想要你知道我病了。這類詞有: feel 覺得 observe 注意到,看到 overhear聽到 watch注視 listen to聽 perceive察覺,感知 notice注意 see看見 look at看 hear聽On seeing the young child fell into the lake,Eric sprang to his feet,and went on the )另一類是某些使役動詞,如make, let,have等。 后面不能直接跟不定式作賓語,只能跟疑問詞(如:how, what)+不定式: While still a young boy, Tom knew to play the piano well and as he grew older, he wrote operas, the most famous of which is Carmen.(2)介詞except和but作“只有?,只能?”講時(shí)跟不定式結(jié)構(gòu)(but與不帶to的不定式 連用)。(表語)I can tell you where to get this 。t know what to do.我不知道該怎么辦。如:When to start has not been decided.何時(shí)動身尚未決定。6.非謂語動詞??嫉钠渌Y(jié)構(gòu)(1)疑問詞+不定式結(jié)構(gòu)疑問詞who,what,which,when,where和how后加不定式可構(gòu)成一種特殊的不定式短語。(原因)(3)下面一些句型是不定式做狀語時(shí)候應(yīng)該注意的:a:not/never too?to, too?not to , but/only too? to, too ready/eager/apt/inclined to 表示肯定意義b:做結(jié)果狀語的不定式只能出現(xiàn)在句子的末尾,常見的不定式動詞有:find, hear, see, be told, form, give, make, produce 等。(結(jié)果)The boy is not tall enough to reach the book shelf.這男孩個(gè)子不夠高,手伸不到書架。ll learn something new.只要你仔細(xì)閱讀,你會學(xué)到一些新的東西。(原因)Reading carefully,he found something he had not known before.他仔細(xì)讀書時(shí),發(fā)現(xiàn)了一些從前不知道的東西。動詞不定式作狀語時(shí),除了表示目的以外,還表示結(jié)果或原因。(伴隨)They stood by the roadside to talk about the plan.他們站在路邊為的是談?wù)撨@個(gè)計(jì)劃。(2)動詞不定式和分詞作狀語的區(qū)別1)分詞作狀語一般表示伴隨,而不定式常常表示目的。Given more attention, the trees could have grown ,它們本來會長得更好。Not knowing what to do, he went to his parents for ,他去找父母幫忙。1)現(xiàn)在分詞作狀語時(shí),現(xiàn)在分詞的動作就是句子主語的動作,它們之間的關(guān)系是主動關(guān)系。例如:Do you want to see the doctor to be sent for from Beijing? 你要見那位將從北京請來的醫(yī)生嗎?Do you want to see the doctor working on the case report in the office? 你要見那位正在辦公室里寫病歷的醫(yī)生嗎? 5.不定式和分詞作狀語的區(qū)別(1)現(xiàn)在分詞與過去分詞作狀語的區(qū)別。Have you got your watch repaired? 你拿到那個(gè)修好的表了嗎? He is an advanced teacher.他是個(gè)先進(jìn)教師。The child standing over there is my brother.站在那兒的男孩子是我弟弟。2)現(xiàn)在分詞表示正在進(jìn)行,過去分詞表示狀態(tài)或做完(完成)的事。He is always the first to e and the last to leave. 他總是第一個(gè)到來,最后一個(gè)離去。如: tend to dotendency to do;decide to do = decision to do;be curious to do = curiosity to do His wish to buy a car came true.他要買輛車的愿望實(shí)現(xiàn)了。John will do anything but work on a farm.除了農(nóng)活,約翰什么都愿意干。4)不定式修飾一些表示方向、原因、時(shí)間、機(jī)會、權(quán)利等抽象名詞如: ability能力,本領(lǐng) drive趕,駕駛 movement運(yùn)動,活動 ambition抱負(fù),野心 effort努力,嘗試 need需要,需求 campaign戰(zhàn)役,運(yùn)動 failure失敗,不及格 opportunity機(jī)會 chance機(jī)會 force力,壓力,要點(diǎn) promise許諾,希望 courage勇氣 intention意向,意圖 reason理由,原因 decision決定 method方法,方式 light光,光線,亮光determination決心,決定 motive動機(jī),目的 struggle奮斗,努力,tendency傾向,趨勢 wish希望,愿望,祝愿5)被修飾的名詞前有序數(shù)詞、形容詞最高級或next,second, last, only和not a,the等限定詞時(shí)候,只能用不定式。I need a pen to write with.我需要一支筆寫字。She has a lot of work to do in the morning.早上他有很多工作要做。The train to arrive was from London.將要到站的火車是從倫敦開來的。This illness will mean(your)going to hospital.得了這種病(你)就要進(jìn)醫(yī)院。I didn39。Let39。(已講過)I regret to have to do this,but I have no choice.我很遺憾必須這樣去做,我實(shí)在沒辦法。I don39。Don39。(3)有些動詞后使用動名詞和動詞不定式作賓語的差別 【口訣記憶】 想起忘記常后悔1)forget to do 忘記要去做某事(此事未做)forget doing忘記做過某事(此事已做過或已發(fā)生)2)stop to do 停止、中斷(某件事),目的是去做另一件事 stop doing 停止正在或經(jīng)常做的事 3)remember to do 記住去做某事(未做)remember doing記得做過某事(已做)4)regret to do對要做的事遺憾 regret doing對做過的事遺憾、后悔 5)try to do努力、企圖做某事 try doing試驗(yàn)、試一試某種辦法 6)mean to do打算,有意要? mean doing意味著7)go on to do 繼而(去做另外一件事情)go on doing 繼續(xù)(原先沒有做完的事情)8)propose to do 打算(要做某事)proposing doing建議(做某事)9)like /love/hate/ prefer +to do 表示具體行為;+doing sth 表示抽象、傾向概念(注)如果這些動詞前有should一詞,其后賓語只跟不定式,不能跟動名詞。t help不禁 delay延遲 escape逃跑,逃避 can39。3.不定式和動名詞作賓語的區(qū)別英語中大多數(shù)動詞既可跟不定式,也可跟動名詞作直接賓語,但有些動詞要求:(1)不定式做賓語和賓語補(bǔ)足語 1)下面的動詞要求不定式做賓語 【口訣記憶】決心學(xué)會想希望,拒絕設(shè)法愿假裝,主動答應(yīng)選計(jì)劃 同意請求幫一幫,愿望似乎就沒有,碰巧承擔(dān)常努力。The argument is very convincing.他的論點(diǎn)很令人信服。換句話說,若人對??感興趣,就是somebody is interested in...,若人/物本身有興趣時(shí),就是說sb./ : interesting使人感到高興interested感到高興的 exciting令人激動的excited感到激動的 delighting令人高興的delighted感到高興的 disappointing令人失望的disappointed感到失望的 encouraging令人鼓舞的encouraged感到鼓舞的 pleasing令人愉快的pleased感到愉快的 puzzling令人費(fèi)解的puzzled感到費(fèi)解的 satisfying令人滿意的satisfied感到滿意的 surprising令人驚異的surprised感到驚異的 worrying令人擔(dān)心的worried感到擔(dān)心的Travelling is interesting but tiring.旅行是有趣的,但是使人疲勞。一般來說,表示心理狀態(tài)的動詞如excite,interest等都是及物