【正文】 包括多專業(yè)及專業(yè)之間的溝通 購買保險(xiǎn) 提供較好的培訓(xùn)和工具 風(fēng)險(xiǎn)減輕或避免的斯凱勒方法（ 1995） Project Management 東南大學(xué)系統(tǒng)工程研究所 技術(shù) 1 技術(shù) 2 成本 進(jìn)度 整體 內(nèi)容 涉及初步要求的技術(shù)成功的主觀評(píng)估指標(biāo) 與其他項(xiàng)目對(duì)比的技術(shù)成功的主觀評(píng)估指標(biāo) 預(yù)算成本超支和盈余的主觀評(píng)估指標(biāo) 進(jìn)度計(jì)劃超前和滯后的主觀評(píng)估指標(biāo) 整體項(xiàng)目成功的主觀評(píng)估指標(biāo) 評(píng)估指標(biāo) 項(xiàng)目成功的評(píng)估指標(biāo)： 資料來源： Couillard(1995) Project Management 東南大學(xué)系統(tǒng)工程研究所 管理過的項(xiàng)目數(shù)目 責(zé)任指標(biāo) 項(xiàng)目管理工具和技術(shù) 了解項(xiàng)目的各個(gè)目標(biāo) 項(xiàng)目經(jīng)理授權(quán)和責(zé)任級(jí)別 項(xiàng)目主管授權(quán)和責(zé)任級(jí)別 組織機(jī)構(gòu) 高層管理的介入 溝通形式 問題的處理 項(xiàng)目團(tuán)隊(duì)的支持 項(xiàng)目經(jīng)理的經(jīng)驗(yàn) 項(xiàng)目管理要素： 資料來源： Couillard(1995) C/SCSC：成本 /進(jìn)度控制系統(tǒng)標(biāo)準(zhǔn)（按邏輯分成 5組；包括35項(xiàng)目標(biāo)準(zhǔn)） 項(xiàng)目管理方法 WBS的應(yīng)用 PERT/CPM的應(yīng)用 C/SCSC的應(yīng)用 各類定期技術(shù)報(bào)告 各類定期成本報(bào)告 各類定期進(jìn)度報(bào)告 項(xiàng)目監(jiān)測(cè)的頻率 Project Management 東南大學(xué)系統(tǒng)工程研究所 1995年， Standish Group針對(duì)項(xiàng)目失敗的原因調(diào)查了1,000多位 IT經(jīng)理。 增加項(xiàng)目失敗風(fēng)險(xiǎn)的原因： Project Management 東南大學(xué)系統(tǒng)工程研究所 如果在技術(shù)、成本和進(jìn)度方面面臨風(fēng)險(xiǎn)，遵循以下指南： 強(qiáng)調(diào)團(tuán)隊(duì)支持 給予項(xiàng)目經(jīng)理相應(yīng)的權(quán)力 改進(jìn)問題處理和溝通的方式 避免使用純項(xiàng)目型組織結(jié)構(gòu) 提高項(xiàng)目監(jiān)測(cè)的頻率 使用 WBS、 PERT/CPM和 C/SCSC方法 為項(xiàng)目團(tuán)隊(duì)建立清晰的項(xiàng)目目標(biāo) 選擇有經(jīng)驗(yàn)的項(xiàng)目經(jīng)理 項(xiàng)目風(fēng)險(xiǎn)管理建議： Project Management 東南大學(xué)系統(tǒng)工程研究所 基本概念 ? PMP（ Project Management Professional） 項(xiàng)目管理專業(yè)人員資格。 ? 項(xiàng)目管理 ：將知識(shí)、技能、工具和技術(shù)應(yīng)用于項(xiàng)目的各項(xiàng)活動(dòng)之中，以實(shí)現(xiàn)或超過項(xiàng)目干系人對(duì)項(xiàng)目的要求和期望。 項(xiàng)目是多任務(wù)的！ 一個(gè)項(xiàng)目就是一個(gè)計(jì)劃要解決的問題。它是一個(gè)有著 10萬多名會(huì)員的國際性項(xiàng)目管理專業(yè)協(xié)會(huì)，是項(xiàng)目管理專業(yè)領(lǐng)域中由研究人員、學(xué)者、顧問和經(jīng)理組成的全球性的最大專業(yè)組織機(jī)構(gòu) ? PMI早在七十年代末就率先提出了項(xiàng)目管理的知識(shí)體系（ Project Management Body of Knowledge, 簡稱為 PMBOK） ? PMBOK 把項(xiàng)目管理劃分為 9個(gè)知識(shí)領(lǐng)域，即：范圍管理，時(shí)間管理，成本管理，質(zhì)量管理，人力資源管理，溝通管理，采購管理，風(fēng)險(xiǎn)管理和集成管理。 – Communications infrastructure, such as telephones, puter work, , Inter access, file storage, database storage and backup facilities – Documentation, such as a project methodology, standards, processes, forms and registers – Tools, such as accounting, project planning and risk modeling software 東南大學(xué)系統(tǒng)工程研究所 Project Management 1. Project initiation ? Perform a phase review – At the end of the initiation phase, a phase review is performed – This is basically a checkpoint to ensure that the project has achieved its objectives as planned 東南大學(xué)系統(tǒng)工程研究所 Project Management 2. Project planning ? Project plan outlining the activities, tasks, dependencies and timeframes ? Resource plan listing the labor, equipment and materials required ? Financial plan identifying the labor, equipment and materials costs ? Quality plan providing quality targets, assurance and control measures ? Risk plan highlighting potential risks and actions to be taken to mitigate those risks ? Acceptance plan listing the criteria to be met to gain customer acceptance ? Communications plan describing the information needed to inform stakeholders ? Procurement plan identifying products to be sourced from external suppliers 東南大學(xué)系統(tǒng)工程研究所 Project Management 2. Project planning ? Project planning activities 東南大學(xué)系統(tǒng)工程研究所 Create a project plan Create a resource plan Create a financial plan Create a quality plan Create a risk plan Create an acceptance plan Create a mun. plan Create a procurement plan Contract the suppliers Perform phase review Project Management 2. Project planning ? Create a project plan – The first step in the project planning phase is to document the project plan – A ?work breakdown structure? (WBS) is identified which includes a hierarchical set of phases, activities and tasks to be undertaken to plete the project – An assessment of the level of effort required to undertake each activity and task is made – The activities and tasks are then sequenced, resources are allocated and a detailed project schedule is formed ? Project plan is the key tool used by the PM to assess the progress of the project throughout PLC 東南大學(xué)系統(tǒng)工程研究所 Project Management 2. Project planning ? Create a resource plan – Type of resource required, such as labour, equipment and materials – Quantity of each type of resource required – Roles, responsibilities and skillsets of all human resource required – Specifications of all equipment resource required – Items and quantities of material resource required ? A schedule is assembled for each type of resource so that the project manager can review the resource allocation at each stage in the project 東南大學(xué)系統(tǒng)工程研究所 Project Management 2. Project planning ? Create a financial plan – A financial plan is created to identify the total quantity of money required to undertake each phase in the project (in other words, the budget) ? Detailed financial planning is an extremely important activity within the project, as the customer will expect the final solution to have been delivered within the allocated budget 東南大學(xué)系統(tǒng)工程研究所 Project Management 2. Project planning ? Create a quality plan – Defines the term ?quality? for the project – Lists clear and unambiguous quality targets for each deliverable. Each quality target provides a set of criteria and standards to be achieved to meet the expectations of the customer – Provides a plan of activities to assure the customer that the quality targets will be met (in other words, a quality assurance plan) – Identifies the techniques used to control the actual quality level of each deliverable as it is built (in other words, a quality control plan) 東南大學(xué)系統(tǒng)工程研究所 Project Management 2. Project planning ? Create a risk plan – Document all foreseeable project risks – Identifies the actions required to prevent each risk from occurring, as well as reduce the impact of the risk should it eventuate ? Developing a clear risk plan is an important activity within the planning phase, as it is necessary to mitigate all critical project risks prior to entering the execution phase of the project 東南大學(xué)系統(tǒng)工程研究所 Project Management 2. Project planning ? Create an acceptance plan – An acceptance plan is created by clarifying the pletion criteria for each deliverable and providing