【正文】 獻資料的能力，熟悉專業(yè)文獻資料查找和資料積累方法，提高對文獻資料的歸納、分析、綜合運用能力，提高獨立工作能力和科研能力，并為科研活動奠定扎實的基礎(chǔ)，學(xué)生畢業(yè)設(shè)計（論文）教學(xué)中實施文獻綜述寫作制度?！熬C”是要求對文獻資料進行綜合分析、歸納整理，使材料更精練明確、更有邏輯層次；“述”就是要求對綜合整理后的文獻進行比較專門的、全面的、深入的、系統(tǒng)的評述。2．文獻綜述在邏輯上要合理，可以按文獻與畢業(yè)論文（設(shè)計）主題的關(guān)系由遠(yuǎn)而近進行綜述，也可以按年代順序綜述，也可按不同的問題進行綜述，還可按不同的觀點進行比較綜述。4．文獻綜述結(jié)果要說清前人工作的不足，襯托出作進一步研究的必要性和理論價值。采用了文獻中的觀點和內(nèi)容應(yīng)注明來源，模型、圖表、數(shù)據(jù)應(yīng)注明出處，不要含糊不清。7.8.至于大眾傳播媒介如報紙、廣播、通俗雜志中的文章，一些數(shù)據(jù)、事實可以引用，但其中的觀點不能作為論證問題的依據(jù)。頁碼從正文起始，頁碼在頁腳且居中。3．文獻綜述一般應(yīng)在完成開題報告之前完成。5．文獻綜述參考范文格式。s problem plays。s choice among three chests and thereby winning his (or her) mate. Shakespeare39。s version of the chestchoosing device revolves around the play39。s horrid legal suit. Antonio, as the title character, is sad from the beginning to the end of the play but never names the cause of his melancholy even when his friends ask him. Antonio plays the role as an outcast in the play. Shakespeare uses Antonio’s sadness simply as the device to set the tragic tone in the edy or make Antonio be one of his melancholic characters in his works? Or Antonio is the representative of the plicated human nature? Antonio39。s Jew was and remained ic until the late 1700s at which time he was first played as a true villain. In 1814 Shylock’s role was depicted as a character to be pitied, and in 1879 he was first portrayed as a tragic character. Subsequent interpretations have varied greatly over the years, but since World War II he has most often been conceived of as tragic. The Merchant of Venice has been described as a great mentary on the nature of racial and religious interactions. 2. Deficiencies of previous studies on the mystery of Antonio’s sadness in The Merchant of VeniceThe title character, Antonio, begins the play intriguingly: In sooth, I know not why I am so sad。s melancholy: that he39。s farewell to edy. Antonio is one of Shakespeare’s melancholic characters. Shakespeare in The Merchant of Venice is undermining all that passes for ic entertainment. Shakespeare uses Antonio’s sadness as a device to set the tragic tone in the ic atmosphere.Second, a lot of issues that are argued about regarding The Merchant of Venice can be considerably clarified if we know something about the audience it was written for. In the modern, postHolocaust readings of the play, the problem of antiSemitism in the play has been discussed a lot. Given that Antonio decides not to seize Shylock’s goods as punishment, we might consider Antonio to be merciful. But we may also question whether it is merciful to return to Shylock half of his goods, only to take away his religion and his profession. Antonio’s passion seems to stem as much from selfinterest as from concern for his fellow man. Shakespeare thus shows a balance of prejudice on both sides. The question whether Antonio is a homosexual in love with Bassanio can also interpreted differently.5. ConclusionDespite the researches already done and achievements already made on the subject, many frontiers are still waiting to be explored. On the basis of the previous researches by forerunners and adopting new approaches we are to make a deeper and more prehensive understanding of this subject. We don39。另起頁附于文末。例如：[1] Brown, D. H. Principles of Language Learning and Teaching [M]. Langman, 2000.[2] Chomsky, N. Syntactic Structure[M]. TheHague:Mouton,1957.[3] Ellis, R. The Study of Second Language Acquisition [M]. OUP,1994.[4] Gass, S. Integrating Research Areas: A Framework for Second Language Studies[J]. Applied Linguisties,1988(9):198217.[5] 程琪龍. 認(rèn)知語言學(xué)概論[M]. 北京：外語教學(xué)與研究出版社，2001?！?….[9] 王 寅. 認(rèn)知語言學(xué)的哲學(xué)基礎(chǔ):體驗哲學(xué)[J]. 外語教學(xué)與研究2002(2)。 畢 業(yè) 設(shè) 計（論 文） 開 題 報 告課題名稱Euphemistic Expressions in Business English and Their Translation系 部外語系專 業(yè)英語（汽車貿(mào)易）班 級學(xué) 號姓 名指導(dǎo)教師 2008年11月08日一、課題的來源和意義（中文，黑體小四加粗。）課題的來源：中文，宋體小四，單倍行距。伴隨著全球經(jīng)濟一體化進程的加快和我國改革開放的不斷深化，我國與世界各國的國際商務(wù)關(guān)系得到了前所未有的發(fā)展。課題的意義：商務(wù)英語中的委婉表達則可以樹立企業(yè)形象，借助委婉語和委婉表達方式委婉、含蓄、得體地陳述自己的觀點或愿望，提出請求或建議，創(chuàng)造良好的氛圍，以達到交易雙方各自預(yù)期的目的，最大限度地給客戶以信任和滿意。二、課題研究的目的委婉與和委婉表達法在商務(wù)英語中的應(yīng)用十分廣泛，幾乎涉及到商業(yè)活動的各個領(lǐng)域和交易過程的各個環(huán)節(jié)。三、研究思路商務(wù)英語主要包括貿(mào)易業(yè)務(wù)往來中的商業(yè)語言、合同協(xié)定中的法律語言、商業(yè)廣告中的宣傳語言等等。本文首先從什么是委婉語開始，介紹委婉語的四個交際功能：避諱功能、求雅功能、禮貌功能和掩飾功能。最后由例證推出商務(wù)英語中的委婉表達的翻譯標(biāo)準(zhǔn)和原則及其翻譯過程。五、論文寫作大綱論文題目：Euphemistic Expressions in Business English and Their Translation（中文，宋體小四，單倍行距。）摘要：本文通過對商務(wù)函電和商務(wù)談判中委婉表達法的分析，從虛擬語氣發(fā)、被動語態(tài)法、語氣弱化法、變換句型法四個方面歸納分析了商務(wù)函電中的委婉表達法，從否定語氣弱化和肯定語氣弱化研究了商務(wù)談判中的委婉表達法。關(guān)鍵詞：委婉語；商務(wù)英語；商務(wù)函電；商務(wù)談判Contents Times New Roman小三，單倍行距1 Introduction Times New Roman四號，單倍行距?！?The munication function of the Euphemism expression………………………. The function of taboo Times New Roman小四，單倍行距。[6] 藍 純. 從認(rèn)知角度看漢語的空間隱喻[J]. 外語教學(xué)與研究，1999（4）。[10] 趙艷芳. 認(rèn)知語言學(xué)概論[M]. 上海：上海外語教育出版社，2001。 Their Translations（Times New Roman小二號加粗）byLiu Hangzhou（Times New Roman四號加粗）Registered No. 20050930134 Department of Foreign Languages Hubei University o