【正文】 X X 檢查表 Checksheets X X X X 直方圖 Histograms X X X X 排列圖 Pareto Analysis X X X X 運(yùn)行圖 Run Charts X X X 餅圖 Pie Charts X X X X 關(guān)鍵線路表格 Criteria Rating Forms X X 網(wǎng)絡(luò)圖 List Reduction X 權(quán)重圖 Weighted Volume X 甘特圖 Gantt Chart X X X 矩陣圖 PERT Chart X X X 6 8D Problem Solving 8D體系流程包含下述內(nèi)容： ? The 8D system is a problem solving process that ? 識別問題 ? Identifies problems ? 采取臨時(shí)的遏制措施 ? Takes interim containment action ? 將問題量化 ? Describes problems in measurable terms ? 使用統(tǒng)計(jì)工具分析問題 ? Analyzes them using data and basic statistical tools ? 找出根本原因 ? Finds the root cause ? 通過消除根本原因來解決問題 ? Corrects the problem by eliminating the root cause 7 8D Problem Solving 4 定義和驗(yàn)證根本原因 define Verify Root Causes 3 遏制問題Containment Problem 2 描述 /定義問題Describe/define Problem 1 組建團(tuán)隊(duì) Team Setup 7 防止再發(fā)生Prevent Recurrence 8 慶祝成功 /交流Celebrate and Communicate Success 5 識別 /驗(yàn)證糾正措施Identifyverify proposed Corrective Action Plan 6 實(shí)施和驗(yàn)證糾正措施Implement Verify Corrective Action 8D Process 8D遵循 PDCA循環(huán) follows the logic of the PDCA Cycle (. Shewhart or Deming Cycle) 8 8D特點(diǎn) 8D Problem Solving Characteristics ? 對指定的，可管理的，有明確定義的問題有效。 ? Works on problems that are specific, manageable and well defined ? 分析問題的所有方面 ? Analyzes all aspects of a problem ? 對建議的方法進(jìn)行合理化分析 ? Develops rationale for proposed solutions ? 收集對問題和建議方法有意義的數(shù)據(jù) ? Gathers critical data about the problem and proposed solutions ? 基于團(tuán)隊(duì)的過程 ? Team oriented process ? 制定如何成功的實(shí)施和評估糾正措施的計(jì)劃 ? Plans how to implement and evaluate the action successfully 9 步驟 1： 8D Process Step 1 1 組建團(tuán)隊(duì) Team Setup 8D 10 決定對此問題是否需要成立一個(gè)團(tuán)隊(duì)，如果需要： ? Determine whether a team is needed to address the issue: if so, 1. 選擇成員 Select and enlist the team members 2. 明確角色和職責(zé) Establish roles and responsibilities 3. 評審團(tuán)隊(duì)的活動(dòng)范圍和目標(biāo) Review the scope and objective of the team’s activity 組建團(tuán)隊(duì)： Step 1: Team Setup Objectives 11 成員 Membership ? 利益關(guān)系人 Stakeholders ? 技能專家 Knowledgeable people / technical experts ? 問題涉及的人 People accountable responsible for problem area 團(tuán)隊(duì)規(guī)模 Team Size 理想狀態(tài)是 4～ 6人 Ideally, 4 to 6 members to ? 加強(qiáng)內(nèi)部互動(dòng) Enhance interaction ? 促進(jìn)交流 Promote munication ? 承擔(dān)責(zé)任 Drive mitment to the task 范圍，目標(biāo)，角色和職責(zé) Scope, Objective, Roles and Responsibilities ? 明確團(tuán)隊(duì)的期望 Identify what the team is expected to address ? 評估成員的參與性 Review the teams availability ? 明確決策權(quán)限 Clarify the level of decisionmaking authority Step 1: The Problem Solving Team 12 Step 1: Team Activity 目標(biāo) Goals 1. 明確陳述的問題 Clarify the issue to be addressed ? 評價(jià)支持性的數(shù)據(jù) Review supporting data ? 評價(jià)規(guī)模 Assess the magnitude 2. 明確團(tuán)隊(duì)的角色，職責(zé)，范圍和目標(biāo) Establish the team roles, responsibilities, scope and objectives 3. 針對此問題采用腦筋風(fēng)暴法 Brainstorm potential problems surrounding the issue and ideas related to them 4. 收集支持性數(shù)據(jù) Collect supporting data about the problem area(s) 5. 討論針對此問題的一般性計(jì)劃 Discuss the general plan for approaching the problem(s) 13 1. 問題是否被確認(rèn) Have the reported issues been identified? 2. 問題的主題是否被明確 Has the problem topic been identified? 3. 團(tuán)隊(duì)是否被建立 Has a team been established? 4. 會議和決策流程是否被統(tǒng)一 Have meeting and decisionmaking processes been agreed upon? 5. 一般性項(xiàng)目計(jì)劃是否被制定 Has a general project plan been developed? Step 1: Team Setup Checklist Are we on target? 14 8D Process Step 2 2 描述和定義問題 Describe/define Problem Team Setup 8D 15 目標(biāo) Step 2: Describe/define Problem Objectives 1. 分析和解釋數(shù)據(jù)來縮小問題范圍 ? Analyze and interpret data to narrow down the problem to be addressed 2. 給出問題的正式描述 ? Develop a formal problem statement 16 一般性流程 Step 2: Describe/define Problem General Process ? 明確問題的主題 ? Identify the problem topics that may surround the issue, and select the problem target area. ? 針對問題采用腦筋風(fēng)暴法并記錄想法 ? Brainstorm and record the team’s ideas about the problem area ? 收集數(shù)據(jù)來確定評判問題的標(biāo)準(zhǔn) ? Collect data to validate that a problem exists ? 確定可應(yīng)用于此問題的標(biāo)準(zhǔn)和規(guī)范 ? Establish what standard or specification applies to the situation ? 考慮所有和問題相關(guān)的，可得到的信息。Problem Topic 客戶的測試直通率不可接受 ? Customer test yields are unacceptable ? 分析給出下列描述 Analysis reflects leads us to the following problem statement 客戶的測試直通率是 75％（當(dāng)前狀態(tài)），要求的直通率是 95％（期望狀態(tài)），客戶測試的直通率比可接受水平低 20％（差距） The customer’s test yield on our product is 75% (current state), the required yield is 95% minimum (desired state), the customer’s test yield is 20% less than the acceptable level (gap). 評估描述內(nèi)容 Review of the statement 1. 是否基于數(shù)據(jù) Is it based on data? Yes 2. 是否包含原因 Are there causes in the statement? No 3. 是否包含方案 Are there solutions in the statement? No 4. 是否太籠統(tǒng) Is the statement too general? No 結(jié)論：問題描述滿足上述標(biāo)準(zhǔn) Conclusion: The Problem Statement meets the general criteria 問題描述－－例子 Step 2: Describe/define Problem The Problem Statement : Example 21 團(tuán)隊(duì)活動(dòng) Step 2: Describe/define Problem Team Activity 目標(biāo) Goals 1. 分析和問題有關(guān)的數(shù)據(jù)來確認(rèn)問題 ? Analyze the problem data to try to confirm the problems 2. 把數(shù)據(jù)和商業(yè)目標(biāo)，測試性能，使用標(biāo)準(zhǔn)，規(guī)格進(jìn)行比較 ? Compare the data to business objectives, performance measures, and applicable standards or specifications 3. 使用收集到的數(shù)據(jù)來建立當(dāng)前狀態(tài)，期望狀態(tài)和兩者之間的差距 ? Use the collected data to establish the current and desired states, and gap 4. 寫出問題陳述 ? Write the Problem Statement 22 1. 可使用的標(biāo)準(zhǔn)是否被識別 ? Have the applicable standards been identified? 2. 和問題相關(guān)的數(shù)據(jù)是否被收集和評估 ? Has data about the problem been taken and reviewed? 3. 問題是否基于什么事情，什么時(shí)候，為什么，如何，多少被識別 Has the problem been identified by What, When, Why, How and How Much? 4. 問題是否基于可測量的手段定義 ?Has the problem been defined in measurable terms? 5. 客戶的反饋是否被輸入到問題 ?Has the customer provided input to the problem? 6. 我們是否找到合適的人員處理下一步工作 ?Do we have the