【正文】 ansportation is done through contract of international carriage of goods。Chapter 3 International Carriage of Goods by Sea 國際海上貨物運輸法 167。 1 General Introduction of International Carriage of Goods ? 1. Definition of International Carriage of Goods: ? The transportation of goods from one place of one country to another place of another country by one or more means is called international carriage of goods. 2. Characteristics of International Carriage of Goods: (1). The goods shall cross the border。 (3). A lot of risk acpanied。 The Hague Rules(海牙規(guī)則） The Visby Rules(維斯比規(guī)則 ) The Hamburg Rules。 Transportation by air。 Transportation by railroad。 167。 and contracts evidenced by a bill of lading(提單 ). Classification of the charterparty: What is a charterparty? (charterer and shipowner) the voyage charterparty, (航程租船合同 ) The time charterparty,(期租船合同 ) and the charterparty by demise. (光船租賃合同） the voyage charterparty Under the terms of voyage charterparty, the shipowner will agrees to provide the ship and it crew to the charter, and the charter will use the ship and its crew to transport goods one or many times within named ports according to agreement between the charter and the shipowner. So, in the voyage charterparty both the port of loading and the port of discharge must be mentioned clearly in the contract. The Implied Terms of Voyage Charterparty: The law implies the following term into every voyage charter: (1 ) that the ship is seaworthy。 (3) and that there should be no unjustifiable deviation. Time Charterparties Under a time charterparty the charterer engages the use of a vessel for a stated period of time. The charterer normally pays hire monthly, and the shipowner will be entitled to withdraw the ship from the charterer39。s promise to engage only in lawful trades, to carry only lawful goods, and to only direct the vessel to safe ports. Charterparties by Demise (Bare Boat Charterparty) Under this type of charterparty, the charterer obtains possession and control of the ship and puts in his own master and crew, who are his employees. Liner Transport The carrier transports the goods to the agreed destination from the place of dispatch port, and the shipper or the consignee pays the fare or the freight. Under liner transport, the carriage contract is evidenced by bill of lading, so it is also called B/L transport. Under Liner Transport: The ship has regular sea route。 The shipper or the consignee has no right to interfere things mentioned above。 Three Functions of bill of lading: (a), Bill of lading is a document which evidences a contract of carriage by sea between the carrier and the shipper。而該輪未直駛倫敦，而是先駛向比利時的安特衛(wèi)普。托運人認為如果貨輪是依口頭約定直駛倫敦的，關稅的提高和桔子價格的下跌應在該船到達之后發(fā)生。被告辯稱：提單中載明有規(guī)定承運人可任意地經(jīng)過任何航線將貨物直接或間接地運往目的地的條款，因此，認為自己不應為繞道引起的損失承擔賠償責任。 ? (b), Bill of lading is a document which evidences the taking over or loading of the goods by the carrier。船長簽發(fā)了兩張?zhí)釂危d明每袋咖啡豆 60公斤，其表面狀況良好。于是，收貨人提起訴訟，認為承運人所交貨物數(shù)量與提單的記載不符，要求承運人賠償短卸損失。 1 提單對收貨人而言是初步證據(jù)還是最終證據(jù)？ 2 貨物短少由誰負責？ ? (c) Bill of lading is a document which represents the possession of goods shipped。金利隆公司（買方）又與維瑪公司（賣方）簽訂一份買賣合同內(nèi)容一致。當貨物抵達目的港時，浙江外貿(mào)公司以金利隆公司為被告，向杭州市中級人民法院起訴，要求被告依約履行提供該貨物義務。維瑪公司遂以全套正本提單持有人的身份，在法院對浙江外貿(mào)公司提起訴訟。 Foul B/L) 案例四 廣西土產(chǎn)公司出口木薯片給意大利米尼美德公司，該外國公司租用上海遠洋公司 “ 柳林海 ”號輪承運，裝貨后，土產(chǎn)公司要求船長在途中開艙曬貨，防止霉損。 ” 為了取得清潔提單，土產(chǎn)公司向船長出具保函： “ 因開艙曬貨，至卸貨港短重，其責任由我方負責。到達法國目的港卸貨短重 566噸。上海遠洋公司向廣州海事法院據(jù)保函向土產(chǎn)公司索賠。貨物由香港東昌航運公司經(jīng)營的輪船承運。提單載明：托運人是美國大陸谷物公司，通知人是香港面粉廠，憑托運人指示提貨。當輪船抵達目的港時，遠東面粉廠在收貨時發(fā)現(xiàn)貨物大部分受損，遂向法院提起訴訟。 問：提單是否已經(jīng)合法轉(zhuǎn)讓？為什么？ 案例六 ? 貨物在中國黃埔港裝上船舶之后，作為承運人的美國總統(tǒng)輪船公司 ” 簽發(fā)了記名提單。作為該批貨物賣方的萬寶集團廣州菲達電器廠沒有收到貨款，但仍持有全套正本提單。船公司不服一審判決，提起上訴；被駁回后，又不服二審判決，向最高人民法院提起再審申請。） ? 本案應適用何國法律？ ? 記名提單是否具有物權憑證的功能？ ? 法院應如何判決？ ? 我國海商法規(guī)定：提單，是指用以證明海上貨物運輸合同和貨物已經(jīng)由承運人接收或者裝船，以及承運人保證據(jù)以交付貨物的單證。 ? 美國 1916年提單法規(guī)定：承運人有理由交貨給托運人在記名提單上所指定的收貨人；承運人向記名提單的記名人交付貨物時，不負有要求提貨人出示或提交記名提單的義務。 Multimodel Transport Document or B/L) 按運費支付時間 ? 預付提單 (Freight prepaid B/L) ? 到付提單 (Freight payable at destination B/L) 租船提單 ? 航次租船 ? 定期租船 其它提單 ? 預借提單和倒簽提單 預借提單是指在貨物尚未全部裝船，或貨物已由承運人接管，但尚未開始裝船情況下簽發(fā)的提單。 案例六 我國 A公司與外國 B公司于 2022年 10月 20日簽訂了購買 5250噸化肥的 CFR合同， A公司開出信用證規(guī)定，裝船期限為 2022年 1月 1日至 1月 10日。承運人在接受 B公司保函的情況下，簽發(fā)了提單。 ? 本案的保函屬于什么性質(zhì)？ ? 本案中承運人對本案因延遲到港引起收貨人的損失是否應承擔責任？ 案例七 ? 福建省寧德地區(qū)經(jīng)濟技術協(xié)作公司與日本三明通商株式會社簽訂了一份購買東芝空調(diào)機的合同，交貨期為同年 6月 30日和 7月 30日各交 1500臺。日本日歐集裝箱運輸公司承運了合同項下貨物，并分別于 6月 30日和 7月 25日兩次簽發(fā)了 wo15co90和 wo15co97號指名 “ 大侖山 ” 輪的已裝船提單，但寧德公司持提單在馬尾港提貨不著，同期三明通商株式會社卻從銀行提走全部貨款。 統(tǒng)一提單下承運人權利和義務的背景 ? 航運發(fā)達 ? 船方市場 ? 美國利益 ? 哈特法案 Harter Act 1893 (US) Laws Concerning Bills of Lading A. The Hague Rules The Hague Rules (the International Convention for the Unification of Certain Rules of Law Relating to Bills of Lading). This is an international regulation which aimed at reconciling the interests of the shipowners, cargo owners and insurers. The Hague Rules attaches its importanc