【正文】 s11. Bologna University is about 900 years old. 2. Students paid the lecturers for their work. 3. Five students were the minimum number needed to attend a lecture. 4. The lecturer was declared absent and given a fixed fine. 5. There were a number of other reasons for a lecturer to be punished. These included: if lecturers failed to meet the standards set out in the university statutes。我們所得到的機(jī)會與特權(quán)比從前任何一代人都要多。 4. 我們這一代人來自所謂的短世紀(jì)（1914－1989），生于其后期。 3. 我從沒指望通過上文學(xué)理論課來了解我這一代人的特征，或了解美國大學(xué)在如何變化。當(dāng)然，一點(diǎn)不假，高等教育仍然重要。Language in use1 1. govern 2. Postmodernism 3. development 4. individualism 5. agreement 6. investment 7. Sexism 8. romanticism2 1. The world has changed a lot since the 1960s, and so have universities. 2. I really enjoyed my years at university, and so did Jackie. 3. Choosing the right course is always a major problem for new students, and so is organizing one’s time on campus. 4. I’m thinking of going to the lecture on postcolonial literature, and so is Li Ming. 5. I think the facilities in our college have improved over the last few years, and so has the teaching. 6. We can access the Internet in our student hostel, and so can everyone else on campus. 7. I’m not very interested in politics, nor are my friends. 8. I won’t be doing much tonight, nor will my roommate.3 1. Starting out at college means meeting lots of interesting people. 2. Going to bed too late means not being able to concentrate the next day. 3. Doing a course in Lit Theory means spending a lot of time on difficult subjects. 4. Being interested in literature means having an open mind about other ways of life. 5. Protesting against the Vietnam War in the 1960s meant going out onto the streets. 6. Going to college today means spending a lot of time thinking about what you will do afterwards.41. 在歐洲的大學(xué)校園里，大學(xué)生以新的姿態(tài)和激情投入到爭取自由和正義的事業(yè)中去，大規(guī)模的社會主義或共產(chǎn)主義運(yùn)動(dòng)引發(fā)了他們與當(dāng)權(quán)者之間日益升級的暴力沖突。1. issue 2. opportunity 3. establishment 4. campus 5. protest 6. launch 7. prospects 8. employment4 1. issue 2. campus 3. protests 4. establishment 5. prospects 6. employment 7. launch 8. opportunity5 1. clashes 2. The two parties formed an alliance to respond to the problem. 3. I’ve always considered myself as a liberal. 4. governor 5. economy 6. The 1960s were characterized by a new type of popular music. 7. dropped out 8. For many people, listening to their music was a liberating experience. 9. passion6 b, a, b, b, b, a, a, b7 d, bUnit 1Acting Reading (1)3 Acting Reading (2)3 1. rebel 2. era 3. destruction 4. gender 5. assert 6. philosophy 7. industrial41. rebel 2. assert 3. era 4. Industrial 5. philosophy 6. gender 7. destruction5 a, a, a, a, b, a, b, b6 1. critical 2. critical 3. critical 4. approving or critical 5. critical or approving 6. approving7 b, b 2. 現(xiàn)在，政治、社會和創(chuàng)造意識的覺醒似乎不是憑借大學(xué)的助力，而是沖破其阻力才發(fā)生的。例如，在英國，布萊爾首相幾乎實(shí)現(xiàn)了到2010 年讓50％的30 歲以下的人上大學(xué)的目標(biāo)（即使憤世嫉俗的人會說，這是要把他們排除在失業(yè)統(tǒng)計(jì)數(shù)據(jù)之外）。這門課是讓你在課堂上扮酷的——帶著一絲熬夜太多的困勁兒，穿著一件T 恤衫，上面印著“去過那兒，干過那事兒，對，這就是那件T 恤衫”，或諸如此類帶有揶揄意味的俏皮話。這個(gè)世紀(jì)充滿了戰(zhàn)爭和革命，它改變了人類文明，推翻了強(qiáng)權(quán)政府，給我們留下了非同尋常的機(jī)會和特權(quán)。51. Instead of resolving contradictions, the series of measures taken by the government gave rise to more violent clashes. The Opposition formed an alliance with the trade unions and launched a general strike, which ultimately brought about the downfall of the government. 2. Nowadays, the gap between the university and the real world is shrinking and students are being more and more practical. Gone are the days when the university was an ivory tower in which scholars pursued knowledge as an end rather than a means to an end. 3. I never hoped to learn the subject well by attending those lectures. But I did go to lectures, for it was the place where I could get the important points of the course and learn how to organize materials and how to reason. 4. Although I have been trying every means to solve the problem, I cannot work out a satisfactory solution. But when I went to the kitchen to get a drink, something clicked and made me realize that the solution might be quite simple. if they started lectures a minute late or if they went on beyond the approved time。 and if they passed over a difficult subject or failed to emphasize each part of a difficult syllabus. 6. Four students were elected as spies. 7. They were obliged to report irregularities such as bad lecturing technique, failure to cover the syllabus, or absence without leave. 8. Students lost their power over lecturers by 1350 because the payment system was changed. Lecturers were appointed and paid by the local town council.Unit 2Acting Reading (1)4 1. stroke 2. crawl 3. imitate 4. pat(a) crawl(d) stroking5 1. distinct 2. Infants 3. sympathetic 4. stem from 5. trace。Acting Reading (2)41. honorable 2. drama 3. beam 4. catalog 5. volume 6. knot 7. couch 8. clip 9. mostly51. honorable 2. beam 3. mostly 4. catalog 5. clip 6. knot 7. couch 8. volume 9. drama6 b, a, a, a, b, a, a, b, b鐵欽納的理論是：同感發(fā)自對他人痛苦的一種身體模仿，這種模仿繼而在自身引起同樣的心理感受。小孩兩歲半左右就漸漸不再有運(yùn)動(dòng)神經(jīng)模仿行為，那時(shí)他們會意識到別人的痛苦與自己的不同，會更有能力安慰別人。如果他們這套儀式做得夠好，我就會微微轉(zhuǎn)過頭，把頭發(fā)掖到離他們較近的那只耳朵后面?！彼笮ζ饋?。后來，主人放大音樂的音量，調(diào)暗“舞池”的燈光；我不得不湊近他，近得多得多，以便能在昏暗中接著讀他的唇語。61. The moment I saw those old photos in the drawer, tears welled up in my eyes, for my memory went back to the days when I lived happily with my grandparents, my parents and my brothers and sisters. 2. When a student slipped on a pool of water and fell over, people’s reaction diverged from one another. Some approached caringly to see if he was hurt and if they could help。 while others just tuned out. 3. Last Saturday morning, I did the usual and went shopping in the supermarket. When I was about to open the door of my car, I found that I did not have my wallet on me. I could do nothing but g