【正文】 he forming of the mechanism of lateral control between different divisions and the mechanism of vertical control on different levels of subsidiaries and affiliates. After longterm development, the internal anizational structure of western mercial banks has been shaped into three functional sections: market section, operation section and administration section, which exercise the functions of marketing, business operation, and centralized administration respectively, and furthermore, control one another, cooperate one another. This kind of idea about anizational design is embodied by the 英文原文 2 plete anizational division of these three steps of credit examination, approval and investigation in the credit operation that means the departments of business operation, credit examination and risk management, which belong to three different functional sections, respectively perform the functions of research before loanproviding, examination of credit application, and supervision after loanproviding, thereby, the lateral control between different departments can be effected. The vertical control is exercised through both the allotment of credit decisionmaking power between higher levels and lower levels of business departments that means to choose centralization or decentralization of power, and allotment of credit decisionmaking power between individuals and collectivity in a department that represents individual or collective decisionmaking power. This thesis amply discusses the good and bad effect of these four kinds of decisionmaking systems under two groups by applying the fundamentals of anizational management, thereby indicating that solely using any one of four decisionmaking systems will bring on visible defects. Accordingly, modern mercial banks mostly intends to adopt the loan examining authorization system which joins the collective and individual decisionmaking as well as centralization and decentralization together, but giving priority to individual decision and decentralization of power. Chapter Three of this thesis puts emphases on credit risks management system and its executive efficiency. The anizational control theory deems that system is the necessary condition under which anizational functions can be optimized and exerted, meanwhile anizational institution being stabilized, A key issue of interest in the recent literature on financial intermediation has been the role of relationship lending. Relationship lending is particularly mon in the case of small business lending, because small businesses typically rely on bank loans for a substantial part of their financing needs but also tend to be informationally opaque. An important issue in this context is the use of collateral, which is a mon feature of loan contracts between small firms and banks around the world, and a number of theoretical and empirical studies have examined why it is so widespread and how it relates to the incentives for borrowers and lenders and the borrowerlender relationship. For instance, it has been argued that in the presence of information asymmetries between creditors and borrowers, collateral may mitigate the problem of adverse selection (Bester, 1985。 Trade Economics,2020(7):3238. [4]郁文蕾 ,薛富升 .中國消費(fèi)信貸市場中個人信用體系的構(gòu)建 [N].大連海事大學(xué)學(xué)報(bào) ,2020,8(5):5355. [5]袁亮 .個人消費(fèi)信貸信息不對稱的分析及對策 [J].當(dāng)代經(jīng)濟(jì) ,2020 (7):158159. [6]屈艷芳 ,郭敏 .個人信用對消費(fèi)信貸的影響分析 [J].海南金融 ,2020(2):7477. [7]譚燕芝 ,李蘭 .論我國消費(fèi)信貸的發(fā)展 — 基于借鑒美國消費(fèi)信貸 的視角 [J].消費(fèi)經(jīng)濟(jì) ,2020,24(3):3337. [8]朱維巍 .商業(yè)銀行個人消費(fèi)信貸業(yè)務(wù)風(fēng)險(xiǎn)因素分析 [J].北方經(jīng)濟(jì) ,2020 (11):5455. [9] 高廣宇 . 商 業(yè)銀 行 消費(fèi) 信 貸的 風(fēng)險(xiǎn) 分 析與 對策 [N]. 遼寧 廣 播電 視大 學(xué) 學(xué)報(bào) ,2020(3):8587. [10]孫德軒 ,趙息 .利率風(fēng)險(xiǎn)與個人消費(fèi)貸款信用風(fēng)險(xiǎn)管理 [J].經(jīng)濟(jì)問題 ,2020(2):107109. [11]朱毅峰 ,涂志云 .個人消費(fèi)信貸風(fēng)險(xiǎn)評估模型的建立使用和監(jiān)控 [J].成人高教學(xué)刊 ,2020(1):4461. [12]王麗 .我國 發(fā)展個人消費(fèi)信貸業(yè)務(wù)亟待解決的幾個問題 [N].天津市財(cái)貿(mào)管理干部學(xué)院學(xué)報(bào) ,2020,9(1):4142. [13]莫曉濤 .對防范消費(fèi)信貸信用風(fēng)險(xiǎn)的措施研究 [J].廣西農(nóng)村金融研究 ,2020 (5):2324. [14]張婷 .中國商業(yè)銀行的消費(fèi)信貸制度創(chuàng)新 [J].上海金融 ,2020(7):1618. [15]林愚 .個人消費(fèi)信貸風(fēng)險(xiǎn)防范對策分析 [J].中國信用卡 ,2020 (7):4650. [16]任金政 ,陳寶峰 ,鄺煥弟 .消費(fèi)信貸信用風(fēng)險(xiǎn)管理中的理性違約模型研究 [J].技術(shù)經(jīng)濟(jì) .2020(8):5760. [17]劉志清 .個人消費(fèi)信貸業(yè)務(wù)的風(fēng)險(xiǎn)不容忽視 [J].中國金融 ,2020(5):4546. 開題報(bào)告 6 [18]Lyn Thomas. Structural models in consumer credit[J].European Journal of Operational Research,2020,183(3):15691581. [19]Getter,Darry credit risk and pricing[J].Journal of Consumer Affairs,2020(11):13541359. [20]Xiaoqing Eleanor Xu,Jiong Liu .Consumer Credit Risk Management in an Emerging Market[J]. The Case of amp。文章第一部分的介紹了我國 個人消費(fèi)信貸業(yè)務(wù)的 現(xiàn)狀，說明研究 我國個人消費(fèi)信貸業(yè)務(wù)的 目的和意義；第二部分 提出我國個人消費(fèi)信貸業(yè)務(wù)中存在的問題 ；第三部分 針對上述存在問題，提出相關(guān)解決方案 。 三、寫作內(nèi)容及寫作方法 本文主要研究了我國個人消費(fèi)信貸業(yè)務(wù)的發(fā)展的意義，通過分析我國個人信貸消費(fèi)業(yè)務(wù)的現(xiàn)狀，結(jié)合一些實(shí)例，指出我國在發(fā)展個人消費(fèi)信貸業(yè)務(wù)時(shí)，應(yīng)當(dāng)充分的吸取其開題報(bào)告 4 中的經(jīng)驗(yàn)和教訓(xùn)，并針對其中出現(xiàn)的問題提出相關(guān)的意見。本文的研究表明，隱含擔(dān)保的存在將弱化銀行防范系統(tǒng)性違約風(fēng)險(xiǎn)的激勵，使得消費(fèi)信貸市場上更有可能發(fā)生系統(tǒng)性的違約問題。 梁媛 ,余翊華（ 2020）在《特區(qū)經(jīng)濟(jì)》中指出，隱含擔(dān)保，是指一種沒有明確完整的擔(dān)保合同作為依托、沒有嚴(yán)格法律約束力的擔(dān)保形式 (盧文鵬， 2020)。目前，三大個人征信局各占北美 1／ 3 的市場份額，它們的數(shù)據(jù)來源豐富、技術(shù)先進(jìn)、管理規(guī)范，已經(jīng)成為美國消費(fèi)信貸蓬勃發(fā)展的基礎(chǔ)。自此，消費(fèi)信貸業(yè)務(wù)在各家商業(yè)銀行迅速展開。 1997 年亞洲金融危機(jī)爆發(fā)前，中國消費(fèi)信貸業(yè)務(wù)處于試點(diǎn)探索階段，信貸規(guī)模小、品種少，消費(fèi)信貸并沒有引起商業(yè)銀行的重視。 莫曉濤（ 2020）在《廣西農(nóng)村金融研究》中指出改革開放以來，我國居民收入與消費(fèi)水平不斷提高，居民消費(fèi)需求擴(kuò)張和消費(fèi)結(jié)構(gòu)轉(zhuǎn)換成為我國經(jīng)濟(jì)高速增長的主要動力。本文在借鑒美國消費(fèi)信貸的基礎(chǔ)上，探討發(fā)展我國消費(fèi)信貸的問題。美國是世界上消費(fèi)信貸最發(fā)達(dá)的國開題報(bào)告 3 家之一，信用制度成熟，比較正規(guī)的消費(fèi)信貸已有 8O 多年的歷史。隨著消費(fèi)貸款規(guī)模的不斷擴(kuò)大，該項(xiàng)業(yè)務(wù)中存在的問題和風(fēng)險(xiǎn)也逐步暴露出來，在有些地區(qū)還表現(xiàn)得比較明顯，商業(yè)銀行應(yīng)加強(qiáng)對消費(fèi)信貸風(fēng)險(xiǎn)的分析與識別，以便及時(shí)采取措施，防范消費(fèi)信貸風(fēng)險(xiǎn)。另一方面，長期以來，管理者常常忽視了抵押貸款實(shí)際上相當(dāng)于一種期權(quán)，對貸款申請者而言是一個賣出和一個買入期權(quán)的組合。即使提供了抵押、擔(dān)保等附加的償還保證條件，也只是預(yù)防萬一無法歸還貸款時(shí)的不得已的措施，不能以為有了抵押擔(dān)保，貸款就安全了，況且這也不是個人消費(fèi)信用要研究的 重點(diǎn)，否則會誤入歧途。正是信用評分模型有這幾方面的優(yōu)點(diǎn)，其建立、使用和監(jiān)控方便快捷，效果明顯，美國個人消費(fèi)信貸才會發(fā)展迅速。 (2)數(shù)量化得分可以使得銀行管理層充分控制風(fēng)險(xiǎn)和把握好信貸政策，避免模糊化帶來的損失。以信用評分卡為核心的信用風(fēng)險(xiǎn)評估模型起源于 20 世紀(jì) 60 年代的美國，經(jīng)過幾十年的發(fā)展變化，現(xiàn)已成為消費(fèi)信貸領(lǐng)域中銀行審核的最重要工具，并廣泛運(yùn)用于其他信貸業(yè)務(wù)領(lǐng)域中。 林愚在《中國信用卡》中指出，我 國商業(yè)銀行在個人信用風(fēng)險(xiǎn)管理方面還處于比較初級的階段，還沒有形成一套完整的個人信用風(fēng)險(xiǎn)管理體系，這成為阻礙消費(fèi)信貸快速穩(wěn)健發(fā)展的主要原因之一。 孫德軒 ,趙息（ 2020）在《經(jīng)濟(jì)問題》中指出，消費(fèi)作為推動經(jīng)濟(jì)發(fā)展的三駕馬車之一，對我國經(jīng)濟(jì)增長的貢獻(xiàn)一直比較小，為扭轉(zhuǎn)這一局面，中央政府于 1997 年正式頒布政策啟動消費(fèi)信貸。 任金政 ,陳寶峰 ,鄺煥弟（ 2020）在《技術(shù)經(jīng)濟(jì)》，我國個人消費(fèi)信貸業(yè)務(wù)的現(xiàn)狀我國個人消費(fèi)信貸業(yè)務(wù)始于上世紀(jì) 80 年代， 1997 年底，全國個人消費(fèi)信貸規(guī)模僅有 172億元。 郁文蕾 ,薛富升（ 2020）在《大連海事大學(xué)學(xué)報(bào)》