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starts with the information of the topic in the broad context and then narrows down to the information more specifically related to the length of the paper and requirements of different journals(or conferences).當(dāng)然不是所有的論文必須包含所有這些元素。 7) 說明你的主題的選擇或你的研究的原因。 5) 介紹了本文可能使用的理論觀點。 3) 提供相關(guān)的背景信息/話題背景。 Writing an introduction寫一個介紹The introduction section is the start of a research article and its main purpose is to give a clear picture of what the article is about and what the attitude of the author introduction usually includes the following elements:引言部分是一篇研究論文的開始,其主要目的是對文章的內(nèi)容和作者的態(tài)度作一個清晰的概述,介紹通常包括以下幾個方面:1) Introduce the topic or problem with which the research essay is concerned.2) Give a clear definition of the topic and of the related key terms.3) Provide the relevant background information/context of the topic.4) Review the previous related studies and point out their limitation if necessary.5) State the theoretical perspectives the essay might use.6) Introduce the theoretical perspectives the essay might use.7) Justify your choice of the topic or give the reasons for your research.8) Explain how the essay will be organized(the outline of the essay).1) 介紹研究論文所關(guān)注的有關(guān)話題或問題。為了說明你的論點,你需要在圖書館或在互聯(lián)網(wǎng)上發(fā)現(xiàn)相關(guān)主題的可借鑒和使用的證據(jù)。因此,初次研究有時也叫“調(diào)查或?qū)嶒炑芯俊?。初次研究是通過實地調(diào)查研究對象的一門學(xué)科,需要提出您自己的獨到的見解和信息。一個典型的學(xué)術(shù)論文包括五個部分,即,摘要,介紹,主體,結(jié)論和參考文獻。Definition定義An academic essay,also called a research article,differs from an ordinary essay in that it consists of the review of previous studies on a particular topic and one’s own most cases it is a kind of documented report from the writer’s firsthand acquisition,synthesis and interpretation of information,data and typical academic essay includes five parts,namely,abstract,introduction,body,conclusion and reference.一個學(xué)術(shù)論文,也被稱為一個研究文章,不同于普通的文章,它由一個特定主題的對前人研究的回顧和自己的研究組成。在大多數(shù)情況下,它是一個信息綜合、數(shù)據(jù)和結(jié)果都由作家第一手采集和解釋的書面報告。Two types of research paper兩種類型的研究論文There are two major kinds of academic paper:primary research paper and secondary research primary research paper is the study of a subject through firsthand investigation,involving presenting original ideas and information on your most cases you need to conduct a survey or an experiment original ideas to obtain new it is sometimes called “surveyorexperimentbased research”.A secondary research paper,however,involves gathering and analyzing the research findings from other people’s illustrate your argument,you need to borrow and use evidence and findings available on the topic in the library or on the it is sometimes called”libraryorInternetbased research”.學(xué)術(shù)論文主要有兩大類:初次研究和二次研究。在大多數(shù)情況下,你需要做一個調(diào)查或有創(chuàng)意的實驗獲得新的發(fā)現(xiàn)。二次研究的論文,但是,包括從其他人的研究中收集和分析研究結(jié)果。因此,二次研究有時被稱為“圖書館或互聯(lián)網(wǎng)基礎(chǔ)研究”。 2) 給出了一個主題和相關(guān)的關(guān)鍵術(shù)語的明確的定義。 4) 回顧以前的相關(guān)研究,如果必要的話,并指出其局限性。 6) 介紹了本文可能使用的理論觀點。 8)解釋文章將如何組織(論文的提綱)。例如一個初次的研究論文,不同于二次的研究,后者的文獻綜述你一般應(yīng)該是在以前的研究結(jié)果將被用來支持你的論點的主體部分會給更多的細節(jié)。 Stating the purpose of writing the essay is function is to make sure the readers know what you are trying to achieve by writing this includes establishing the topic and explaining what you will do with the topic,for example:說明寫文章的目的是很重要的。這包括建立這個主題,并解釋你將在這一主題做什么,例如: 1) This essay will focus on the most mon use of keyhole surgery which is as an intervention in cases of colon cancer in Hong Kong.2) The purpose of this essay is to examine the impact on Shanghai of the mercial application of maglev trains.3) The goal of this essay is to examine the effect of regular consumption of fast foods on the health of teenagers.1) 這篇文章將集中在最常見的用途為香港結(jié)腸癌患者的干預(yù)的鎖孔手術(shù)上。 3)這篇文章的目的是研究經(jīng)常性消費快餐對青少年健康的影響。不同文章論述的結(jié)構(gòu)不同。你要做的是使用在互聯(lián)網(wǎng)上的最近的調(diào)查結(jié)果和數(shù)據(jù)來說明你的觀點。2) Design the structure or organization of you essay according to research questions,such as cause and effect,or parison and contrast。4) Select and organize source materials to illustrate the ideas of the topic sentences respectively.1) 評估你收集的所有源材料; 2) 根據(jù)研究問題,如因果、對比、對比等研究問題,設(shè)計出論文的結(jié)構(gòu)或組織形式; 3)根據(jù)所選擇的結(jié)構(gòu)安排邏輯順序; 4)選擇和組織源材料,分別說明主題句的思想。描述和介紹以往的研究結(jié)果,只是論文的一部分,你的論文是在描述和分析前人研究的基礎(chǔ)上表達你的觀點。例如,提供了一種新的分類方法(新方法)或一個新的效果(或一個新的事業(yè),新的優(yōu)勢)是您可能對某一學(xué)科的研究的貢獻。記住一個二次研究的文章并不意味著你沒有自己的東西只是拼湊了以前的研究結(jié)果。以下是一些常見的類型的組織結(jié)構(gòu)。 analysisTo analyze the causes for a phenomenon such as earthquakes,climate changes,sleep deprivation and breast cancer,you may use the body structure of causal analysis. 分析地震、氣候變化、失眠和乳腺癌等現(xiàn)象的原因,可以采用因果分析的結(jié)構(gòu)形式。 analysisTo pare and contrast two subjects such as puters and human brains,or organic food an traditional food,you may either use the subjecttosubject body structure or the pointtopoint body structure. 比較和對比如計算機和人類的大腦,或有機食品和傳統(tǒng)食品兩個主題,你可以使用主題主題或點點結(jié)構(gòu)。但是長的文章,可以根據(jù)論文結(jié)合幾種類型。以下是一個二次研究論文的要點。因此,正文部分將由兩部分組成:方法和結(jié)果。2) the materials(What equipment or tools were used?Where and in what condition was the experiment conducted?)。5) The survey(How the questionnaire is designed and administered?How are the samples or r