【正文】 sh結(jié)尾的名詞后加 es classclasses, boxboxes, watchwatches, dishdishes 3 以 f或 fe 結(jié)尾的詞 變 f和 fe 為 v再加 es leafleaves, thiefthieves, knifeknives, loafloaves, wifewives 加 s beliefbeliefs, chiefchiefs, proofproofs, roofroofs, gulfgulfs 4 以輔音字母加 y結(jié)尾的名詞，變 y為 i加 es partyparties, familyfamilies, storystories, citycities 5 以元音字母加 y結(jié)尾的名詞，或?qū)Ｓ忻~以 y結(jié)尾的，加 s toytoys, boyboys, daydays, rayrays, HenryHenrys 6 以輔音字母加 o結(jié)尾的名詞 一般加 es heroheroes, NegroNegroes, potatopotatoes, tomatotomatoes 不少外來詞加 s pianopianos, photophotos, autoautos, kilokilos, solosolos 兩者皆可 zerozeros/zeroes, volcanovolcanoes/ volcanos 7 以元音字母加 o結(jié)尾的名詞加 s radioradios, bamboobamboos, zoozoos 8 以 th結(jié)尾的名詞加 s truthtruths, mouthmouths, monthmonths, pathpaths, 2. 不規(guī)則名詞復(fù)數(shù)： 英語里有些名詞的復(fù)數(shù)形式是不規(guī)則的，現(xiàn)歸納如下： 規(guī)則 例詞 1 改變名詞中的元音 字母或其他形式 manmen, womanwomen, footfeet, goosegeese, mousemice 2 單復(fù)數(shù)相同 sheep, deer, series, means, works, fish, species li, yuan, jin, 3 只有復(fù)數(shù)形式 ashes, trousers, clothes, thanks, goods, glasses, passes, contents 4 一些集體名詞總是用作復(fù)數(shù) people, police, cattle, staff 5 部分集體名詞既可以作單數(shù)（整體）也可以作 復(fù)數(shù)（成員） audience, class, family, crowd, couple, group, mittee, government, population, crew, team, public, enemy, party 6 復(fù)數(shù)形式表示特別含義 customs(海關(guān) ), forces(軍隊(duì) ), times(時(shí)代 ), spirits(情緒 ), drinks(飲料 ), sands(沙灘 ), papers(文件報(bào)紙 ), manners(禮貌 ), looks(外表 ), brains(頭腦智力 ), greens(青菜 ), ruins(廢墟 ) 7 表示“某國人” 加 s Americans, Australians, Germans, Greeks, Swedes, Europeans 單復(fù)數(shù)同形 Swiss, Portuguese, Chinese, Japanese 以 man 或 woman 結(jié)尾的改為men,women Englishmen, Frenchwomen 8 合成名詞 將主體名詞變?yōu)閺?fù)數(shù) sonsinlaw, lookerson, passersby, storytellers, boy friends 無主體名詞時(shí)將最后一部分變?yōu)閺?fù)數(shù) grownups, housewives, stopwatches 將兩部分變?yōu)閺?fù)數(shù) women singers, men servants III. 名詞的所有格： 名詞在句中表示所有關(guān)系的語法形式叫做名詞所有格。前者多表示有生命的東西，后者多表示無生命的東西。 I. 不定冠詞的用法： 1 指一類人或事，相當(dāng)于 a kind of A plane is a machine that can fly. 2 第一次提及某人某物，非特指 A boy is waiting for you. 3 表示“每一”相當(dāng)于 every， one We study eight hours a day. 4 表示“相同”相當(dāng)于 the same We are nearly of an age. 5 用于人名前，表示不認(rèn)識此人或與某名人有 類似性質(zhì)的人或事 A Mr. Smith came to visit you when you were out That boy is rather a Lei Feng. 6 用于固定詞組中 A couple of, a bit, once upon a time, in a hurry, have a walk, many a time 7 用于 quite, rather, many, half, what, such之后 This room is rather a big one. 8 用于 so(as, too, how)+形容詞之后 She is as clever a girl as you can wish to meet. II. 定冠詞的用法： 1 表示某一類人或物 The horse is a useful animal. 2 用于世上獨(dú)一無二的事物名詞前 the universe, the moon, the Pacific Ocean 3 表示說話雙方都了解的或上文提到過的人或事 Would you mind opening the door? 4 用于樂器前面 play the violin, play the guitar 5 用于形容詞和分詞前表示一類人 the reach, the living, the wounded 6 表示“一家人”或“夫婦” the Greens, the Wangs 7 用于序數(shù)詞和形容詞副詞比較級最高級前 He is the taller of the two children. 8 用于國家 黨派等以及江河湖海，山川群島的名詞前 the United States, the Communist Party of China, the French 9 用于表示發(fā)明物的單數(shù)名詞前 The pass was invented in China. 10 在逢十的復(fù)數(shù)數(shù)詞之前，指世紀(jì)的某個(gè)年代 in the 1990’s 11 用于表示單位的名詞前 I hired the car by the hour. 12 用于方位名詞，身體部位名詞，及表示時(shí)間的詞組前 He patted me on the shoulder. III. 零冠詞的用法： 1 專有名詞，物質(zhì)名詞，抽象名詞，人名地名等名詞前 Beijing University, Jack, China, love, air 2 名詞前有 this, my, whose, some, no, each, every等限制 I want this book, not that one. / Whose purse is this? 3 季節(jié)，月份，星期，節(jié)假日，一日三餐前 March, Sunday, National Day, spring 4 表示職位，身份，頭銜的名詞前 Lincoln was made President of America. 5 學(xué)科，語言，球類，棋類名詞前 He likes playing football/chess. 6 與 by 連用表示交通工具的名詞前 by train, by air, by land 7 以 and 連接的兩個(gè)相對的名詞并用時(shí) husband and wife, knife and fork, day and night 8 表示泛指的復(fù)數(shù)名詞前 Horses are useful animals. 三．代詞 ： I. 代詞可以分為以下七大類： 1 人稱代詞 主格 I, you, he, she, it, we, you, they 賓格 me, you, him, her, it, us, you, them 2 物主代詞 形容詞性 my, your, his, her, its, our, their 名詞性 mine, yours, his, hers, its, ours, theirs 3 反身代詞 myself, yourself, himself, herself, itself, ourselves, yourselves, themselves 4 指示代詞 this, that, these, those, such, some 5 疑問代詞 who, whom, whose, which, what, whoever, whichever, whatever 6 關(guān)系代詞 that, which, who, whom, whose, as 7 不定代詞 one/ some/ any, each/ every, none/ no, many/ much, few/ little/ a few/ a little, other/ another, all/ both, neither/ either II. 不定代詞用法注意點(diǎn)： 1. one, some與 any: 1) one可以泛指任何人，也可特指，復(fù)數(shù)為 ones。 One should learn to think of others. Have you any bookmarks? No, I don’t have any bookmarks. I have some questions to ask. 2) some可用于疑問句中，表示盼望得到肯定的答復(fù)，或者表示建議，請求等。 I have read this article in some magazine. Please correct the mistakes, if any. 4) some和數(shù)詞連用表示“大約”， any可與比較級連用表示程度。 Each student has a pocket dictionary. / Each (of us) has a dictionary. / We each have a dictionary. Every student has strong and weak points. / Every one of us has strong and weak points. 3. none和 no： no等于 not any，作定語。 There is no water in the bottle. How much water is there in the bottle? None. None of the students are (is) afraid of difficulties. 4. other和 another: 1) other泛指“另外的，別的”常與其他詞連用，如： the other day, every other week, some other reason, no other way, the other特指兩者中的另外一個(gè)，復(fù)數(shù)為 the others。 both和 all加否定詞表示部分否定，全部否定用 neither和 none. All of the books are not written in English. / Not all of the books are written in English. Both of us are not teachers. / Not both of us are teachers. / Either of us is a teacher. 四．形容詞和副詞 I. 形容詞： 1. 形容詞的位置： 1) 形容詞作定語通常前置，但在下列情況后置： 1 修飾 some, any, every, no和 body, thing, one等構(gòu)成的復(fù)合不定代詞時(shí) nobody absent, everything possible 2 以 able, ible 結(jié)尾的形容詞可置于有最高級或 only修飾的名詞之后 the best book available, the only solution possible 3 alive, alike, awake, aware, asleep等可以后置 the only person awake 4 和空間、時(shí)間、單位連用時(shí) a bridge 50 meters long 5 成對的形容詞可以后置 a huge room simple and beautiful 6 形容詞短語一般后置 a man difficult to get on with 2) 多個(gè)形容詞修飾同一個(gè)名詞的順序： 代詞 數(shù)詞 性狀形容詞 冠詞前的形容詞 冠詞 指示代詞 不定代詞 代詞所有格 序數(shù)詞 基數(shù)詞 性質(zhì) 狀態(tài) 大小 長短 形狀 新舊