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華南師大實(shí)驗(yàn)心理學(xué)復(fù)習(xí)資料-文庫(kù)吧資料

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【正文】 ed to him, and he deals with them all as his children. 50 Men e forth and live。and thus (all) get to be good. To those who are sincere (with me), I am sincere。 he makes the mind of the people his mind. To those who are good (to me), I am good。 and acplished their ends without any purpose of doing so. 48 He who devotes himself to learning (seeks) from day to day to increase (his knowledge)。 without looking out from his window, one sees the Tao of Heaven. The farther that one goes out (from himself), the less he knows. Therefore the sages got their knowledge without travelling。s lot。 being still overes heat. Purity and stillness give the correct law to all under heaven. 46 When the Tao prevails in the world, they send back their swift horses to (draw) the dungcarts. When the Tao is disregarded in the world, the warhorses breed in the border lands. There is no guilt greater than to sanction ambition。s straight still crooked deem。 Who loves large stores Gives up the richer state. Who is content Needs fear no shame. Who knows to stop Incurs no blame. From danger free Long live shall he. 45 Who thinks his great achievements poor Shall find his vigour long endure. Of greatest fulness, deemed a void, Exhaustion ne39。 that which has no (substantial) existence enters where there is no crevice. I know hereby what advantage belongs to doing nothing (with a purpose). There are few in the world who attain to the teaching without words, and the advantage arising from nonaction. 44 Or fame or life, Which do you hold more dear? Or life or wealth, To which would you adhere? Keep life and lose those other things。 Three produced All things. All things leave behind them the Obscurity (out of which they have e), and go forward to embrace the Brightness (into which they have emerged), while they are harmonised by the Breath of Vacancy. What men dislike is to be orphans, to have little virtue, to be as carriages without naves。 One produced Two。 The Tao is hidden, and has no name。 Loud is its sound, but never word it said。 Its solid truth seems change to undergo。 Its greatest beauty seems to offend the eyes。 Who progress in it makes, seems drawing back。 that existence sprang from It as nonexistent (and not named). 41 Scholars of the highest class, when they hear about the Tao, earnestly carry it into practice. Scholars of the middle class, when they have heard about it, seem now to keep it and now to lose it. Scholars of the lowest class, when they have heard about it, laugh greatly at it. If it were not (thus) laughed at, it would not be fit to be the Tao. Therefore the sentencemakers have thus expressed themselves: 39。 And weakness marks the course Of Tao39。Carriages without a nave.39。Men of small virtue,39。Orphans,39。 Without that life, creatures would pass away。 Without these powers, the spirits soon would fail。 If earth were not thus sure, 39。 Spirits with powers by it supplied。 dwells with the fruit and not with the flower. It is thus that he puts away the one and makes choice of the other. 39 The things which from of old have got the One (the Tao) are Heaven which by it is bright and pure。 and when righteousness was lost, the proprieties appeared. Now propriety is the attenuated form of lealheartedness and good faith, and is also the mencement of disorder。 when its attributes were lost, benevolence appeared。 第九章 情緒 情緒的生理指標(biāo) 一. 皮膚電 皮膚溫度 二. 血管容積,脈搏率 三. 呼吸 ,口干舌燥 —— 交感神經(jīng)興奮 四. 腦電 a—— 清醒,要靜 B—— 動(dòng)腦子 表情量表 情緒的理論 James 阿諾德 認(rèn)知 圖(略) 人悲傷的時(shí)候效率也高,為什么? 因?yàn)楸成纤讲煌趧?dòng)機(jī)水平(激動(dòng)水平) 第十章 動(dòng)作機(jī)能 練習(xí)曲線 高原現(xiàn)象 言語(yǔ)機(jī)能 (p368) 思維,言語(yǔ) 言語(yǔ)活動(dòng)是意識(shí)活動(dòng)的一部分,所以并不能說(shuō)語(yǔ)言決定思維,思維決定言語(yǔ) —— 皮亞杰 相互作用論: (i) 言語(yǔ)是思維的工具。 圖(略) ( 2) “ 壞消息 ” 效應(yīng)。 Singeramp。 一.想象 1.什么是想象? 無(wú)向性思維~有向性思維 被動(dòng)推理~主動(dòng)推理 2.測(cè)量研究 Singeramp。 ( 2) 問(wèn)題分解模式 2. Greeno 問(wèn)題分類(lèi) ( 1) 歸納結(jié)構(gòu)問(wèn)題 eg:狼,狗=虎? 找出相同點(diǎn),不同點(diǎn), →“ 比較 ” 過(guò)程。結(jié)果,假設(shè)的回憶最差,說(shuō)明假設(shè)檢驗(yàn)說(shuō)有漏洞 Reber(人工語(yǔ)法 ) Kellog: 50道乘法(心算) → 分散注意 30張臉譜 → 測(cè)試 測(cè)臉譜 60張: 30張舊, 30張新 結(jié)果不錯(cuò) 用內(nèi)隱學(xué)習(xí)來(lái)解釋 樣例學(xué)習(xí)說(shuō) 概念形成中,記住一具體的例子(自然概念) Rosch提出 amp。 圖(略) 二.有關(guān)概念形式的實(shí)驗(yàn)研究 (一) 概念形成的策略 三.概念形成的機(jī)制 1.假設(shè)檢 驗(yàn)說(shuō) 被試形成概念時(shí),運(yùn)用策產(chǎn)生假設(shè),尋求刺激來(lái)驗(yàn)證假設(shè)。 定義上,原則形式的過(guò)程(依賴于正例) 過(guò)程上,舍棄非本質(zhì)特征,提取本質(zhì)特征 3.研究方法 ( 1)刺激材料 人工概念( 1920 Hull) —— 可以消除知識(shí)經(jīng)驗(yàn)的影響 ( 2)實(shí)驗(yàn)范式 主動(dòng)型(如上,被試從主試回答中進(jìn)行) 被動(dòng)型(主試告訴被試那些卡片是。 有的概念用處延來(lái)解釋。 被試 組 1 指標(biāo):百分等級(jí) → 平均分 組 2 注意力測(cè)驗(yàn)百分等 → (同上) 組 3 幽默感(等級(jí)分算) → (同上) amp。 圖(略) 可能性與相似度相關(guān)系數(shù): 可能性與%相關(guān)系數(shù): 說(shuō)明判斷可能不太考慮基礎(chǔ)比率 2.易提取性 3.問(wèn)題形式 二種問(wèn)法: 問(wèn)法一 方案 1: 200人得數(shù) 方案 2: 600人中, 1/3 概率全部得救 600 人中, 2/3全部死亡(概率) 問(wèn)法二 方案 1: 400人死亡 方案 2: 0 人死亡 1/3概率 全部死亡 2/3概率 三.自然推理 —— 數(shù)量估計(jì) 1.易計(jì)算性 2.評(píng)價(jià)與預(yù)測(cè) 若是一種向 50%方向的回歸,因?yàn)闆](méi)有效度,沒(méi)有區(qū)分性。 可說(shuō)明驗(yàn)證假設(shè)時(shí)是否有定勢(shì) ( 2)。 4.條件推理 “if?then?” 給出推理,讓被試判斷是否永遠(yuǎn)正確,是否有時(shí)正確,是否永不正確。 一.形式邏輯推理 1.具體性作用:把 S→ 狗 把 P→ 貓 2.氣象效應(yīng)。 二.思維的分類(lèi): 1.動(dòng)作思維(實(shí)踐性思維) 2.形象思維 每一種思維本身也在發(fā)展 3.抽象思維 高級(jí)的思維形式對(duì)低級(jí)的也有指導(dǎo)。 對(duì)事務(wù)間接的概括性的反應(yīng) 思維是復(fù)雜的多側(cè)面的過(guò)程,主要是內(nèi)在的過(guò)程。 性和狀態(tài)依存性 一.場(chǎng)合依存性 圖(略) 把上述環(huán)境場(chǎng)合稱為 “ 物理復(fù)現(xiàn) ” 把想象的環(huán)境稱為 “ 想象復(fù)現(xiàn) ” (想象學(xué)習(xí)時(shí)的場(chǎng)合,有助于測(cè)驗(yàn)成績(jī)提高) 二.狀態(tài)依存性 情緒狀態(tài)對(duì)學(xué)習(xí)的影響 第八章 思維 amp。不強(qiáng)調(diào)語(yǔ)法,也一樣可以說(shuō)得正確。機(jī)械識(shí)記的一組,腦中有一種 “ 啟動(dòng)效應(yīng) ” ,稱為 “ 內(nèi)隱記憶 ” 或 “ 內(nèi)隱學(xué)習(xí) ” 。然后,一組被試死記硬背;另一組找規(guī)律(總結(jié)框架) —— 兩種學(xué)習(xí)方法。 呈現(xiàn)給被試各種組合(符合與不符合),告之是否符合語(yǔ)法。 既:自覺(jué)記憶 —— 對(duì)概念驅(qū)動(dòng)測(cè)驗(yàn)?zāi)茌^好地傳輸信息 不自覺(jué)記憶 —— 對(duì)材料驅(qū)動(dòng)測(cè)驗(yàn)?zāi)? ( 1)(學(xué)習(xí))加工與提取有好地一致性保證了記憶效果好 ( 2)提取過(guò)程不同,獲蓋也不同 ( 3)自覺(jué)記憶要求概念驅(qū)動(dòng)過(guò)程。 2. Squive 情節(jié)記憶 陳述記憶: 語(yǔ)義記憶 記憶: 技巧,技能 簡(jiǎn)單的條件反射 程序記憶 啟動(dòng)效應(yīng) 其他 3. Roediger. 認(rèn)為:記憶系統(tǒng)只有一個(gè),但認(rèn)知程序不同。 —— 這就叫 “ 實(shí)驗(yàn)性分離現(xiàn)象 ”邏輯,推測(cè)兩種記憶系統(tǒng)可能不同。既 “ 知覺(jué)辨認(rèn) ” 法 (2) “ 詞干補(bǔ)筆 ” 法。 間接啟動(dòng):測(cè)驗(yàn)前看幾個(gè)單詞,測(cè)驗(yàn)時(shí)看到與見(jiàn)過(guò)的單詞有聯(lián)系的 —— 既 “ 間接啟動(dòng) ” ,也導(dǎo)致反應(yīng)時(shí)減短。比較第三類(lèi)記憶與前兩類(lèi)的區(qū)別。(重要) 一.啟動(dòng)效應(yīng) 1.問(wèn)題的起源:艾賓浩斯那個(gè)年 代。句 (1)—— RT 長(zhǎng) (2)—— RT短。 ”
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