【正文】 and B, we can do like this:（如果 我們想測量 A 點(diǎn)和 B 點(diǎn)之間的平距，我們可以這樣來做：） With zero of the tape to the higher point B and tape going along the point A, we can measure the horizontal distance by using the plumb bob with pump line entering to the point A.（將尺的 0 刻度對(duì)準(zhǔn) 較高點(diǎn) B 點(diǎn)，尺沿向 A 點(diǎn)，我們可以利用在 A 點(diǎn)的鉛垂【 plumb bob】垂線【 pump line 應(yīng)為 plumb line 垂線】測出平距） To judge the exact horizontal line, we should move the tape up and down along the pump line and we will find the changes of reading in the tape.（為了確定準(zhǔn)確的水平線，我們應(yīng)沿垂線方向上下 移動(dòng)尺子， 我們?cè)诔呱蠈⒌玫讲煌牡淖x數(shù)【 changes of reading 讀數(shù)的變化】） The shortest reading of the tape is the horizontal distance.（尺子最小的讀數(shù)就是平距） If the distance is longer than the length of tape, then we can divide the long distance into several segments and get the total distance by plus each segment together.（如果距離比尺長要長，那么【 then】我們可 以將其分成幾段【 segment】，把每段長加起來獲得總長。） Ordinary Taping and PreciseTaping（普通尺距測量和精密尺距測量） Taping is a very mon technique for measuring horizontal distance between two points.（尺距測量是 測量兩點(diǎn)之間平距的非常普遍的方法。） The odometer is a simple device that can be attached to any vehicle and directly registers the number of revolutions of a wheel.（自動(dòng)計(jì)程儀是一個(gè)簡單的裝置，可以附屬于【 be attached to 附屬于】車輛之 上并直接記錄【 register 記錄 v.】輪子的旋轉(zhuǎn)周數(shù)。） Here gives a brief summary of relevant techniques and their respective accuracies: （這里給出一個(gè)簡短的 相關(guān)【 relevant 相關(guān)的】技術(shù)的摘要【 summary 摘要】和它們各自的【 respective 各自的】精度） Pacing and Odometer（步測和自動(dòng)計(jì)程儀） Pacing is a very useful form of measurement though it is not precise, especially when surveyors are looking for survey marks in the field.（雖然不精確，但步測是一個(gè)非常有用的測量方法【 form of measurement】，尤其是測量者在野外尋找測量標(biāo)志時(shí)。） Distance between two points can be horizontal, slope, or vertical. （兩點(diǎn)之間的距離可以是平距、斜距、 或者是垂距。 Photogrammetry, Cartography, Geographic Information Systems, Global Positioning Systems.（測繪學(xué)測量，表示，分析，管理，重獲和顯示空間信息，用來描述地球物理特 征和環(huán)境。地理信息在環(huán)境監(jiān)測，陸地和 海洋資源管理，以及房地產(chǎn)交易【 real estate 房地產(chǎn)， transaction 交易】中扮演重要角色。其包括的主要學(xué) 科有制圖學(xué)，土地管理， GIS，環(huán)境可視化，大地測量學(xué)，攝影測量學(xué)，遙感和測量學(xué)。它因而成為所有使 用空間數(shù)據(jù)地球科學(xué)學(xué)科的基礎(chǔ)。利用 計(jì)算機(jī)軟件和硬件，借助現(xiàn)代【 stateoftheart】信息技術(shù)。） Geomatics is the modern scientific term referring to the integrated approach of measurement, analysis, management, storage and display of the descriptions and location of Earthbased data, often termed spatial data. These data e from many sources, including earth orbiting satellites, air and seaborne sensors and ground based instruments. It is processed and manipulated with stateoftheart information technology using puter software and hardware. It has applications in all disciplines which depend on spatial data, including environmental studies, planning, engineering, navigation, geology and geophysics, oceanography, land development and land ownership and tourism. It is thus fundamental to all the geoscience disciplines which use spatially related data .（測繪學(xué)是一個(gè)現(xiàn)代科學(xué)術(shù)語，用以 表示測量、分析、管理，存儲(chǔ)和顯示基于地球信息，經(jīng)常被稱為空間數(shù)據(jù)【 often termed spatial data】數(shù) 據(jù) 的描述和位置的集成方法。測繪學(xué)或地球空間信息學(xué)包括一個(gè)廣泛的生產(chǎn) 活動(dòng)――從工程學(xué)和發(fā)展了的測量學(xué)領(lǐng)域中特殊點(diǎn)的空間數(shù)據(jù)的獲取和分析 到 GIS 和遙感技術(shù)在環(huán)境管理中的 應(yīng)用。）【 as part of 作為?? 的一部分，這里不翻譯出來】 The definition of Geomatics is evolving. A working definition might be “ the art, science and technologies related to the management of geographicallyreferenced information.” Geomatics includes a wide range of activities, from the acquisition and analysis of sitespecific spatial data in engineering and development surveys to the application of GIS and remote sensing technologies in environmental management. It includes cadastral surveying, hydrographic surveying, and ocean mapping, and it plays an important role in land administration and land use management .（測繪學(xué)定義在發(fā)展?！?handle 操作、處理】） Once the positions and attributes of geographic entities have been digitized and stored in puter memory, they are available for use by a wide variety of users.（一旦地理實(shí)體的位置和 屬性被數(shù)字化并 被存儲(chǔ)進(jìn)計(jì)算機(jī)存儲(chǔ)器，就可以有效的【 available 有效的、可用的】為廣泛的各種的使用者所用） Through the use of modern information technology(IT), geomatics brings together professionals in the following disciplines: surveying, mapping, remote sensing, land registration, civil and marine engineering, forestry, agriculture, planning and development, geology, geographical sciences, infrastructure management, navigation, environmental and natural resources monitoring, and puter science.（通過現(xiàn)代【估計(jì) moderm 應(yīng)該是 modern】信息技術(shù)，測繪學(xué)將以下學(xué)科的專業(yè)人員整合到一起：測量 學(xué)、 制圖學(xué)、遙感、國土注冊(cè)、土木【 civil 民用的】工程和海洋工程，林業(yè)，農(nóng)業(yè)，決策與發(fā)展，地質(zhì)學(xué)，地 理科學(xué)，基礎(chǔ)設(shè)施【 infrastructure】管理，導(dǎo)航，環(huán)境與自然資源監(jiān)測和計(jì)算機(jī)科學(xué)。） Data plotting(presentation) is handled through the use of mapping and other illustrative puter programs。） Branches of Geomatics（測繪學(xué)分支） Data acquisition techniques include field surveying, global positioning system(GPS), satellite positioning, and remotely sensed imagery obtained through aerial photography and satellite imagery. （數(shù)據(jù)獲取技術(shù)包括普通野外測量， GPS 測量 ，衛(wèi)星定位和遙感圖像獲取，通過航空攝影和衛(wèi)星成像） It also includes the acquisition of database material scanned from older maps and plans and data collected by related agencies.（它還包括數(shù)據(jù)庫資料的獲取――通過掃描就有地圖和設(shè)計(jì)圖，還有有關(guān)機(jī)構(gòu) 收集的數(shù)據(jù)。） These terms have been adopted primarily to represent the general approach that geographic information is collected, managed, and applied. （這些術(shù)語起初被采用用來表示地理信息的采集、管理和應(yīng)用的總體的 方法。） A working definition of geomatics, which reflects current thinking and predicted change, is:（測繪 學(xué)的一個(gè)現(xiàn)在使用的反映了當(dāng)前的思想和對(duì)未來的預(yù)期的定義是：） The science and technology of acquiring, storing, processing, managing, analyzing and presenting geographically referenced information(geospatial data ).（獲取、處理、存儲(chǔ)，分析和上呈【 presenting 呈現(xiàn)】地理參考信息（地理空間信息）的科學(xué)和技術(shù)。） In addition, recent advances in the technology of data collection and processing have blurred the boundaries of practice and activity between what were previously regarded as related but separate areas. （另外，最近的數(shù)據(jù)采集和處理技術(shù)的發(fā)展模糊了以前被認(rèn)為有聯(lián)系卻分離的領(lǐng)域的【實(shí)踐的活動(dòng)的 practice and activity】界限） Such developments are forecast to continue and will create new career paths for graduates