【正文】 ly a spheroid.（在大地測量中，地球的形狀被看成一個橢球體，雖然在技術角度來看，它不是真正的橢球。）Today, the technological expansion of GPS has made it possible to perform extremely accurate geodetic surveys at a fraction of the cost.（現(xiàn)在，技術的發(fā)展 GPS使大地測量工作花費非常小的代價就能獲得極為精確的結果成為可能。）In geodetic surveys, the stations are normally long distances apart, and more precise instruments and surveying methods are required for this type of surveying than for plane surveying.（在大地測量中，站點經(jīng)常是互相距離很遠，那么這種測量就比平面測量需要更精確的儀器和測量方法。mathematical model stored in the puter.（測量傳統(tǒng)定義為確定地表、地下和地上的自然與人工地貌特征；并使之按比例測繪成地形圖、平面圖或圖表，或形成報告圖表，或以數(shù)字形式形成三維立體數(shù)學模型存儲進計算機）As such, the surveyor/geodesist dealt with the physical and mathematical aspect of measurement.（同樣的，測量員/大地測量學家處理的就是測量出的物理的和數(shù)學的特征)The accurate determination and monumentation of points on the surface of the Earth is therefore seen as the major task.（因此精確確定并標定地表點位便成為測量的主要任務）Though these surveys are for various purposes, still the basic operations are the samethey involve measurements and putations or, basically, fieldwork and office work.（雖然測量工作有不同目的，基本的操作卻都一樣――他們包括測量和計算，或更基本地稱之為，外業(yè)工作和內(nèi)業(yè)工作）There are many different types of surveys such as land surveys, route surveys, city surveys, construction surveys, hydrographic surveys, etc., but generally speaking, surveying is divided into two major categories: geodetic and plane surveying.（測量分為許多不同的類型，如土地測量，路線測量，城市測量，建筑測量，水道測量等等，但是總的來說，測量分為兩個主要的種類：大地測量和平面測量）Surveys will either take into account the true shape of the Earth（Geodetic surveys） or treat the earth as a flat surface(Plane surveys). （是考慮地球真實形狀的大地測量還是將地球當成一個平面的平面測量）Additionally, surveys are conducted for the purpose of positioning features on the ground(Horizontal surveys), determining the elevation or heights of features(Vertical surveys) or a bination of both.（另外，測量還分為確定平面位置的水平測量和確定海拔的高程測量或兩者的綜合。threeasdigitalorreportfiguresororpapercontouredasanaloginformationrepresentingearth’sbelowabovefeaturesandpositiondeterminingscienceartastraditionallyhas Photogrammetry, Cartography, Geographic Information Systems, Global Positioning Systems.（測繪學測量，表示，分析，管理，重獲和顯示空間信息，用來描述地球物理特征和環(huán)境。地理信息在環(huán)境監(jiān)測，陸地和海洋資源管理，以及房地產(chǎn)交易【real estate 房地產(chǎn)，transaction 交易】中扮演重要角色。其包括的主要學科有制圖學，土地管理，GIS，環(huán)境可視化，大地測量學，攝影測量學，遙感和測量學。它因而成為所有使用空間數(shù)據(jù)地球科學學科的基礎。利用計算機軟件和硬件，借助現(xiàn)代【stateoftheart】信息技術。）Geomatics is the modern scientific term referring to the integrated approach of measurement, analysis, management, storage and display of the descriptions and location of Earthbased data, often termed spatial data. These data e from many sources, including earth orbiting satellites, air and seaborne sensors and ground based instruments. It is processed and manipulated with stateoftheart information technology using puter software and hardware. It has applications in all disciplines which depend on spatial data, including environmental studies, planning, engineering, navigation, geology and geophysics, oceanography, land development and land ownership and tourism. It is thus fundamental to all the geoscience disciplines which use spatially related data .（測繪學是一個現(xiàn)代科學術語，用以表示測量、分析、管理，存儲和顯示基于地球信息，經(jīng)常被稱為空間數(shù)據(jù)【often termed spatial data】數(shù)據(jù)的描述和位置的集成方法。測繪學或地球空間信息學包括一個廣泛的生產(chǎn)活動――從工程學和發(fā)展了的測量學領域中特殊點的空間數(shù)據(jù)的獲取和分析 到 GIS 和遙感技術在環(huán)境管理中的應用。）【as part of 作為……的一部分，這里不翻譯出來】The definition of Geomatics is evolving. A working definition might be “the art, science and technologies related to the management of geographicallyreferenced information.” Geomatics includes a wide range of activities, from the acquisition and analysis of sitespecific spatial data in engineering and development surveys to the application of GIS and remote sensing technologies in environmental management. It includes cadastral surveying, hydrographic surveying, and ocean mapping, and it plays an important role in land administration and land use management .（測繪學定義在發(fā)展。【handle 操作、處理】）Once the positions and attributes of geographic entities have been digitized and stored in puter memory, they are available for use by a wide variety of users.（一旦地理實體的位置和屬性被數(shù)字化并被存儲進計算機存儲器，就可以有效的【available 有效的、可用的】為廣泛的各種的使用者所用）Through the use of modern information technology(IT), geomatics brings together professionals in the following disciplines: surveying, mapping, remote sensing, land registration, civil and marine engineering, forestry, agriculture, planning and development, geology, geographical sciences, infrastructure management, navigation, environmental and natural resources monitoring, and puter science.（通過現(xiàn)代【估計 moderm 應該是 modern】信息技術，測繪學將以下學科的專業(yè)人員整合到一起：測量學、制圖學、遙感、國土注冊、土木【civil 民用的】工程和海洋工程，林業(yè)，農(nóng)業(yè)，決策與發(fā)展，地質學，地理科學，基礎設施【infrastructure】管理，導航，環(huán)境與自然資源監(jiān)測和計算機科學。）Data plotting(presentation) is handled through the use of mapping and other illustrative puter programs。）Branches of Geomatics（測繪學分支）Data acquisition techniques include field surveying, global positioning system(GPS), satellite positioning, and remotely sensed imagery obtained through aerial photography and satellite imagery.（數(shù)據(jù)獲取技術包括普通野外測量，GPS 測量，衛(wèi)星定位和遙感圖像獲取，通過航空攝影和衛(wèi)星成像）It also includes the acquisition of database material scanned from older maps and plans and data collected by related agencies.（它還包括數(shù)據(jù)庫資料的獲取――通過掃描就有地圖和設計圖，還有有關機構收集的數(shù)據(jù)。）These terms have been adopted primarily to represent the general approach that geographic information is collected, managed, and applied. （這些術語起初被采用用來表示地理信息的采集、管理和應用的總體的方法。）A working definition of geomatics, which reflects current thinking and predicted change, is:（測繪學的一個現(xiàn)在使用的反映了當前的思想和對未來的預期的定義是：）The science and technology of acquiring, storing, processing, managing, analyzing and presenting geographically referenced information(geospatial data ).（獲取、處理、存儲，分析和上呈【presenting呈現(xiàn)】地理參考信息（地理空間信息）的科學和技術。）In addition, recent advances in the technology of data collection and processing have blurred the boundaries of practice and activity between what were previously regarded as related but separate areas.（另外，最近的數(shù)據(jù)采集和處理技術的發(fā)展模糊了以前被認為有聯(lián)系卻分離的領域的【實踐的活動的 practice and activity】界限）Such developments are forecast to continue and will create ne