【正文】 iod of time, a limit for the number or total value of awards to be any one bidder may be made on the basis of the bidder’s resources. The list of prequalified firms in such instances shall be updated periodically. Verification of the information provided in the submission for prequalification shall be confirmed at the time of award of contract, and award may be denied to a bidder that is judged to no longer have the capability or resources to successfully perform the contract.(借款人應(yīng)通知所有申請(qǐng)人資格預(yù)審的結(jié)果。這也確保投標(biāo)邀請(qǐng)函只延伸到那些有足夠的能力和資源的人。一般采購(gòu)?fù)ㄖ獞?yīng)為每年所有優(yōu)秀的采購(gòu)更新。借款人應(yīng)保留一份回應(yīng)通知。該通知應(yīng)包含有關(guān)借款人（或潛在的借款人）的信息，貸款金額和用途，在招標(biāo)采購(gòu)范圍的名稱和地址，以及借款人負(fù)責(zé)采購(gòu)的機(jī)構(gòu)和網(wǎng)站的地址刊登具體采購(gòu)?fù)ǜ妗０▽?duì)招標(biāo)采購(gòu)基礎(chǔ)上的項(xiàng)目，借款人需準(zhǔn)備和提交的銀行匯票的總采購(gòu)公告。 )通知給所有合格的潛在投標(biāo)人，并為他們提供對(duì)所需貨物和工程進(jìn)行投標(biāo)的平等機(jī)會(huì)。 ). Under ICB, cost is the primary factor in determining a winning bid.（在國(guó)際上，成本是決定中標(biāo)的主要因素。 ) The method selected depends on a number of factors including the type of goods or services being procured ,the value of the goods or services being procured, the potential interest of foreign bidders and even the cost of the procurement process itself. (方法的選擇取決于很多因素，包括商品或服務(wù)采購(gòu)的類型，商品或服務(wù)的價(jià)值的外購(gòu)，外國(guó)競(jìng)標(biāo)者的潛在利益乃至整個(gè)采購(gòu)過程本身的成本 )The overall objective of the guidelines how to select procurement methods is to allow borrowing countries to buy high quality goods and services as economically as possible.(如何選擇采購(gòu)方式總體目標(biāo)的指引是允許借款的國(guó)家盡可能經(jīng)濟(jì)地購(gòu)買高質(zhì)量的商品和服務(wù) ) In the World Bank’s experience, this objective is best achieved through transparent, formal petitive bidding. (在世界銀行的經(jīng)驗(yàn)，這個(gè)目標(biāo)的實(shí)現(xiàn)最好的方法是通過透明的，正式的競(jìng)標(biāo)。These nine areas form the basis of the Project Management Institute’s certification program for project managers in any industry . 這九個(gè)領(lǐng)域是項(xiàng)目管理研究所對(duì)任何行業(yè)項(xiàng)目經(jīng)理的認(rèn)證計(jì)劃的基礎(chǔ)。，分析和減輕潛在風(fēng)險(xiǎn)。，有效聘用項(xiàng)目人員。，以確定所需資源并維持預(yù)算控制。，以確保所需的所有工作（僅需要工作）。，通過采購(gòu)勞動(dòng)力，材料和設(shè)備來最大限度地提高資源利用效率，設(shè)計(jì)，估計(jì)，承包和施工進(jìn)行適當(dāng)協(xié)調(diào)和控制。 這些沖突應(yīng)在項(xiàng)目開始時(shí)通過作出必要的權(quán)衡或創(chuàng)造新的替代方案來解決。在范圍，成本，時(shí)間和質(zhì)量以及對(duì)人類的限制之間存在潛在的沖突。 因此，圖21中的代表只反映了項(xiàng)目管理框架發(fā)展的來源。例如，基于計(jì)算機(jī)的信息系統(tǒng)和決策支持系統(tǒng)是普通管理的常用工具。 支持計(jì)算機(jī)科學(xué)和決策科學(xué)等學(xué)科也可能發(fā)揮重要作用。The basic ingredients for a project management framework may be represented schematically in Figue21. A working knowledge of general management and familiarity with the special knowledge domain related to the project are indispensable. Supporting disciplines such as puter science and decision science may also play an important role. In fact, modern management practices and various special knowledge domains have absorbed various techniques or tools which were once identified only with the supporting discipline For example, puterbased information systems and decision support systems are nom monplace tools for general management. Similarly, many operations research techniques such as linear programming and network analysis are now widely used in many knowledge or application domains[6]. Hence, the representation in Figure 21 reflects only the sources from which the project management framework evolves. 項(xiàng)目管理框架的基本要素可以在圖21中示意性地表示。By contrast, the general management of business and industrial corporations assumes a broader outlook with greater continuity of operations[4].Nevertheless, there are sufficient similarities as well as difference between the two so that modern management techniques developed for general management may be adapted for project management. 相比之下，商業(yè)和工業(yè)企業(yè)的總體管理具有更廣闊的前景，具有更大的運(yùn)營(yíng)連續(xù)性[4]。 任務(wù)完成后，項(xiàng)目組織通常會(huì)被終止。 雖然相關(guān)技術(shù)，制度安排或過程將有所不同，但這些項(xiàng)目的管理與其他專業(yè)或技術(shù)領(lǐng)域（如航空航天，制藥和能源開發(fā)）類似項(xiàng)目的管理情況相同。Management? 第1節(jié)什么是項(xiàng)目管理？The management of construction projects knowledge of modern management as well as an understanding of the design and construction process. Construction projects have a specific set of objectives and constraints such as a required time frame for pletion. While the relevant technology, institutional arrangements or processes will differ, the management of such projects has mush in mon with the management of similar types of projects in other specialty or technology domains such as aerospace，pharmaceutical and energy ，了解設(shè)計(jì)施工過程。isManagement 第2單元組織項(xiàng)目管理Sectionfor 例如，隨著可用的公路建設(shè)項(xiàng)目正在下降，一些重型施工承包商迅速將其勞動(dòng)力和設(shè)備轉(zhuǎn)移到有工作的礦業(yè)領(lǐng)域。The engineers and builders engaged in infrastructure construction are usually highly specialized since each segment of the market requires different types of skills [10]. However, demands for different segments of infrastructure and heavy construction may shift with saturation in some segments. For example, as the available highway construction projects are declining, some heavy construction contractors quickly move their work force and equipment into the field of mining where jobs are ，因?yàn)槭袌?chǎng)每個(gè)部分都需要不同類型的技能[10]。 這些項(xiàng)目大部分是公有的，因此通過債券或稅收來資助。 他們還想選擇一些設(shè)計(jì)師和建筑師，多年來，業(yè)主與他們建立了良好的工作關(guān)系A(chǔ)lthough the initiation of such projects is also affected by the state of the economy, long range demand forecasting is the most important factor since such projects are capital intensive and require considerable amount of planning and construction time這樣的項(xiàng)目的啟動(dòng)也受到經(jīng)濟(jì)狀況的影響，長(zhǎng)期需求預(yù)測(cè)是最重要的因素，因?yàn)檫@些項(xiàng)目是資本密集型的，需要大量的規(guī)劃和施工時(shí)間Governmental regulation such as the rulings of the Environmental Protection Agency and the Nuclear Regulatory Commission in the United States can also profoundly influence decisions on these 。Specialized Industrial Construction專業(yè)工業(yè)建筑Specialized industrial construction usually involves very large scale projects, with a high degree of technological plexity, such as oil refineries, steel mills, chemical processing plants and coalfired or nuclear power plants, as is shown in Figure14 [8]. The owners usually are deeply involved in the development of a project, and prefer to work with designersbuilders such that the total time for the pletion of the project can be shortened. They also want to pick a team of designers and builders with whom the ownerhas developed good working relations over the ，如煉油廠，煉鋼廠，化工廠，燃煤或核電廠等技術(shù)復(fù)雜程度高，如圖14所示[8]。 因此，業(yè)主可能面對(duì)在同一市場(chǎng)上競(jìng)爭(zhēng)的總承包商的寡頭壟斷。Because of the higher costs and greater sophistication of institutional and mercial buildings in parison with residential housing, this market segment is shared by fewer petitors [7]. Since the construction of some of these buildings is a long proces