【正文】 這時(shí)，現(xiàn)澆樓面也作為梁共同工作的，裝配整體式樓面的作用則不考慮，框架結(jié)構(gòu)的墻體是填充墻，起圍護(hù)和分隔作用，框架結(jié)構(gòu)的特點(diǎn)是能為建筑提供靈活的使用空間，可提供較大的使用空間，也可構(gòu)成豐富多變的立面造型。工民建方面就結(jié)構(gòu)布置部分有以下幾種結(jié)構(gòu)：框架結(jié)構(gòu)、剪力墻結(jié)構(gòu)、框架剪力墻結(jié)構(gòu)、板柱剪力墻結(jié)構(gòu)、框架支撐結(jié)構(gòu)、筒體結(jié)構(gòu)、框架核心筒結(jié)構(gòu)、巨型結(jié)構(gòu)等等。作為土木工程專業(yè)的學(xué)生，深知土木工程設(shè)計(jì)范圍之廣，以及和社會(huì)生活聯(lián)系之密切。它所建造的工程設(shè)施反映出各個(gè)歷史時(shí)期社會(huì)經(jīng)濟(jì)、文化、科學(xué)、技術(shù)發(fā)展的面貌，因而土木工程也就成為社會(huì)歷史發(fā)展的見證之一。二、畢業(yè)設(shè)計(jì)研究現(xiàn)狀和發(fā)展趨勢(shì)研究現(xiàn)狀土木工程是建造各類工程設(shè)施的科學(xué)，技術(shù)和工程的總稱。還需要我們更好的了解國(guó)內(nèi)外建筑設(shè)計(jì)的發(fā)展的歷史、現(xiàn)狀及趨勢(shì)，更多的關(guān)注這方面的學(xué)術(shù)動(dòng)態(tài)，以及我們?cè)谝院蟮耐聊竟こ虒I(yè)發(fā)展的方向。因此畢業(yè)設(shè)計(jì)對(duì)于培養(yǎng)學(xué)生初步的科學(xué)研究能力，提高其綜合運(yùn)用所學(xué)知識(shí)分析問(wèn)題、解決問(wèn)題能力有著重要意義。意義通過(guò)畢業(yè)設(shè)計(jì)這一重要的教學(xué)環(huán)節(jié)，培養(yǎng)土木工程專業(yè)本科畢業(yè)生正確的理論聯(lián)系實(shí)際的工作作風(fēng)，嚴(yán)肅認(rèn)真的科學(xué)態(tài)度。內(nèi)外墻均采用小型混凝土空心砌塊，厚度200mm，重量參見最新《結(jié)構(gòu)荷載設(shè)計(jì)規(guī)范》。主體結(jié)構(gòu)工程和裝飾工程采用現(xiàn)澆混凝土框架結(jié)構(gòu)，肋梁樓蓋。場(chǎng)地土類別為Ⅲ類，地基基礎(chǔ)設(shè)計(jì)等級(jí)為丙級(jí)。工程地質(zhì)條件自然地表以下1m內(nèi)為雜填土，重度γ=17kN/m3；雜填土下為3m厚可塑性粘土，重度為γ=18kN/m3，液性指數(shù)IL=,含水率ω=%，天然孔隙比e=，ES=10MPa，3ck=20kpa，φk=12度；再下為礫石土層，重度為γ=20kN/m，液性指數(shù)IL=,含水率ω=%，天然孔隙比e=，ES=20MPa，ck=15kpa，φk=18度?？拐鹪O(shè)防烈度為8度，第二組。該工程為鋼筋混凝土框架結(jié)構(gòu)，橫向框架不少于三跨，總建筑面積不小于5000m2。but it does not say why people choose to express their real intention by deliberately flouting the Principle helps to explain the many situations, if people obey the Cooperative Principle and say their intentions directly, they sometimes will hurt the other part39。s Politeness Principle is supposed to collaborate with, and even rescue the Cooperative Principle and its associated maxims because Grice39。s face, the speaker can say something to lessen the possible is called a face saving act.(Yule, 2000: 6162)The speaker sometimes has to flout the maxim of Cooperative Principle to save the other part39。s positive face is the need to be accepted, even liked, by others, to be treated as a member of the same group, and to know that his or her wants are shared by a speaker says something selfimage, that represents a threat to another individual39。s face”(Yule, 2000:60).A person39。, while trying to avoid posing threats to their `negative faces39。also the hearer needs to use the same standard to understand the key to production of Conversational Implicature lays on the attitude that both parties hold in the immediate it is in pliance with each criterion for the maxim or to defy each one, people can also obtain the inference and judgment beyond semantic content of the of the above four maxims has its different importance: the first three related to the content of the conversation and the last one to the conversational people abide by all the maxims above, people can municate efficiently and cooperatively, people try to build up their interlocutor39。to be clear and avoid being ambiguous。 cognition about the world, which is called the Cooperative Principle:(each maxim contains several submaxims)Cooperative Principle can be concretely manifested for four maxims while each maxim still has several maxim:Make your contribution as informative as is required(for the current purpases of the exchange).Do not make your contribution more informative than is maxim Try to make your contribution one that is 、Do not say what you believe to be 、Do not say that for which you lack adequate maxim Be maxim Be perspicuousAvoid obscurity of 、Avoid 、Be brief(avoid prolixity)Be orderly.(Linguistics:A Course Book Fourth Edition by Hu Zhuanglin)These maxims show how the participants cooperate with each other: the speaker tries to tell the reality。s assumption that the speaker has not really abandoned the Cooperative Principle leads to an the above, one can see that the research of conversational implicatures has great significance inpolitical American linguistic philosopher Grice proposed the significant and farreaching “Conversational Implicature Theory” in the lecture at Harvard University in believes that the real Conversational Implicature is the theory that studies about the real implication of munications and explains the implicature of is not simply to study the meaning of language expressing itself from the language internal system(phonetics, grammar, semantics, etc.)but through the context and the relevance of context and the two parties in munication show their certain willingness of cooperation and try to make them work, Grice calls it cooperative believes that people could not talk randomly in the dialogue and assemble the unrelated words together。s speaker39。進(jìn)度安排20132014學(xué)年第二學(xué)期89周 交初稿，教師審閱并提出修改意見，改初稿； 20132014學(xué)年第二學(xué)期1011周 交二稿，教師審閱并提出修改意見，改第二稿； 20132014學(xué)年第二學(xué)期1213周 交三稿，教師審閱并提出修改意見，改第三稿； 20132014學(xué)年第二學(xué)期1415周 交第四稿，教師審閱，定稿； 20132014學(xué)年第二學(xué)期16周 打印、裝訂論文，準(zhǔn)備答辯； 20132014學(xué)年第二學(xué)期17周 參加畢業(yè)論文答辯。最后,進(jìn)行對(duì)比分析。其次,介紹了合作原則和禮貌原則的實(shí)際應(yīng)用情況,分別介紹了在俄羅斯對(duì)習(xí)近平的采訪中、在芮成鋼對(duì)奧巴馬的采訪中及在李克強(qiáng)回答記者問(wèn)當(dāng)中對(duì)合作原則和禮貌原則的遵守和違背。研究路線本文以俄羅斯電視臺(tái)對(duì)習(xí)近平主席的采訪為主要語(yǔ)料,運(yùn)用會(huì)話原則對(duì)比分析習(xí)近平在回答記者問(wèn)題當(dāng)中的對(duì)話。隨著這類節(jié)目的不斷涌現(xiàn)，研究者也更 多地將注意力轉(zhuǎn)向這一方面。新聞訪談作為電視節(jié)目的一種重要形式，已經(jīng)成為信息傳播的一種必不可少 的手段。(二)頃曰國(guó)的禮貌原則。他認(rèn)為要充分注意交際時(shí)在場(chǎng)的第三方，不說(shuō)影響他們身份地位的話，如果有需要，可以說(shuō)適合他們身份地位的話。徐盛桓的新禮貌原則構(gòu)想包含促進(jìn)各方的關(guān)系和運(yùn)用禮貌策略兩個(gè)內(nèi)容。Leech的“禮貌原則”的提出則進(jìn)一步完善了Brown Levinson的理論，為禮貌行為在交際中的實(shí)現(xiàn)提供了方法論。在Goffman的研究基礎(chǔ)之上，:(1)積極禮貌，即滿足對(duì)方面子上的正面要求(如表?yè)P(yáng)對(duì)方的地位、成就等)。這些問(wèn)題在一定程度上影響了有關(guān)介紹的質(zhì)量，而且容易誤導(dǎo)讀者。2)省略合作原則總則的內(nèi)容。2)研究的熱點(diǎn)是合作原則的應(yīng)用問(wèn)題。應(yīng)用階段主要嘗試將合作原則及準(zhǔn)則應(yīng)用到各類口頭或書面文體中去，驗(yàn)證合作原則及其準(zhǔn)則的普遍適用性或用以解釋會(huì)話含義的生成機(jī)制。引介階段主要引進(jìn)和介紹合作原則及其準(zhǔn)則的概念和內(nèi)容。隨后20多年間，有關(guān)合作原則的研究層出不窮，一度成為語(yǔ)用學(xué)研究的核心內(nèi)容。4)修正型:如列文森的 “會(huì)話含義三原則”。2)簡(jiǎn)化型:如斯帕伯和 威爾遜的“關(guān)聯(lián)原則”。這些原則，按其作者對(duì)待合作原則的態(tài) 度，可大致分為四類。作為會(huì)話含義產(chǎn)生的前提，合作原則及其準(zhǔn)則一經(jīng)提出便受到廣大學(xué)者的密切關(guān)注。合作原則、會(huì)話含義等理論由最初的僅為書本上的理論研究發(fā)展到現(xiàn)如今對(duì)小說(shuō)、戲劇、影視劇、脫口秀中的人物角色的語(yǔ)言研究，為讀者能夠更透徹、更深入、更鮮明、更好地理解說(shuō)話人及作者的意圖做出了巨大貢獻(xiàn)。近幾年隨著語(yǔ)用學(xué)的發(fā)展和研究的不斷深入，人們對(duì)影響會(huì)話含義理解有了更深入的研究,尤其是從語(yǔ)料的角度研究會(huì)話含義是幾年來(lái)