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【正文】 ic alliances Acquisitions Establishment of a new subsidiary Use Core Competence Modes of Entry Management problems and risk Management problems and risk Strategic Competitiveness Outes 4 International Strategy Life Cycle Production Bees Standardized and is Relocated to Low Cost Countries Product Demand Develops and Firm Exports Products Firm Introduces Innovation in Domestic Market Foreign Competition Begins Production Firm Begins Production Abroad Selling Products or Services Outside a Firm’s Domestic Market 5 Motivations for International Expansion ? Increase Market Share – domestic market may lack the size to support efficient scale manufacturing facilities ? Return on Investment – large investment projects may require global markets to justify the capital outlays – weak patent protection in some countries implies that firms should expand overseas rapidly in order to preempt imitators 6 Motivations for International Expansion ? Economies of Scale or Learning – expanding size or scope of markets helps to achieve economies of scale in manufacturing as well as marketing, R D or distribution – can spread costs over a larger sales’ base – increase profit per unit ? Location Advantages – low cost markets may aid in developing petitive advantage – may achieve better access to: ? Raw materials ? Lower cost labor ? Key customers ? Energy 7 International BusinessLevel Strategy: Determinants of National Advantage Factors of production Related and supporting industries Demand conditions Firm strategy, structure, and rivalry 8 生產(chǎn)要素 基本要素 ?土地、勞工 進(jìn)階要素 ?數(shù)位通訊系統(tǒng) 高等教育勞動(dòng)力 一般性要素 高速公路系統(tǒng)、資本供應(yīng) 專(zhuān)門(mén)性要素 ?特殊產(chǎn)業(yè)技術(shù)人才 母國(guó)的營(yíng)運(yùn)環(huán)境 是競(jìng)爭(zhēng)優(yōu)勢(shì)最重要的根基 Porter 國(guó)家優(yōu)勢(shì)的決定因素 需求狀態(tài) 母國(guó)市場(chǎng)的購(gòu)買(mǎi)者對(duì)特定產(chǎn)業(yè)的產(chǎn)品或服務(wù)需求的性質(zhì)與規(guī)模 相關(guān)與支援性產(chǎn)業(yè) 日本：照相機(jī)與影印機(jī) 義大利：皮革與鞋業(yè) 企業(yè)的策略、 結(jié)構(gòu)與對(duì)手 因國(guó)而異 鑽石模式 9 International BusinessLevel Strategy: Determinants of National Advantage ? Factors of production: the inputs necessary to pete in any industry – labor – land – natural resources – capital – infrastructure – basic factors include natural and labor resources – advanced fa
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