【正文】 hina 中國(guó)最大管理資源中心 第 21 頁(yè) 共 120 頁(yè) including those owned by the . Government, were subject to intrusions that appear to have originated within the PRC. These intrusions require many of the skills and capabilities that would also be required for puter work attack. Although it is unclear if these intrusions were conducted by, or with the endorsement of, the PLA or other elements of the PRC government, developing capabilities for cyberwarfare is consistent with authoritative PLA writings on this subject. . In 2020, the Department of Defense, other . Government agencies and departments, and defenserelated think tanks and contractors experienced multiple puter work intrusions, many of which appeared to originate in the PRC. . Hans Elmar Remberg, Vice President of the German Office for the Protection of the Constitution (Germany’s domestic intelligence agency), publicly accused China of sponsoring puter work intrusions “almost daily.” Remberg stated, “across the world the PRC is intensively gathering political, military, corporatestrategic and scientific information in order to bridge their [sic] technological gaps as quickly as possible.” Referring to reports of PRC infiltration of puter works of the German government, German Chancellor Angela Merkel said “we must together respect a set of game rules.” Similarly, in September 2020, French SecretaryGeneral of National Defense Francis Delon confirmed that government information systems had been the target of attacks from the PRC. . In addition to governments, apparent PRC origin work intrusions targeted businesses. In November 2020, Jonathan Evans, Director General of the British intelligence service, MI 5, alerted 300 financial institution officials that they were the target of statesponsored puter work exploitation from the PRC. 中國(guó)最大管理資源中心 第 22 頁(yè) 共 120 頁(yè) Naval Power. China’s naval forces include 74 principal batants, 57 attack submarines, 55 medium and heavy amphibious ships, and 49 coastal missile patrol craft. . China has an active aircraft carrier research and design program. If the leadership were to so choose, the PRC shipbuilding industry could start construction of an indigenous platform by the end of this decade. . The PLA Navy is improving its overthehorizon (OTH) targeting capability with Sky Wave and Surface Wave OTH radars, and is developing missiles with improved range and accuracy. . Two new SHANGclass (Type 093) nuclear powered attack submarines (SSN) and one JINclass (Type 094) SSBN may soon enter service alongside four older HANclass SSNs and China’s single XIAclass SSBN. . China has an estimated ten SONGclass (Type 039) dieselelectric attack submarines (SS) in its inventory. The SONGclass SS is designed to carry the YJ82 (CSSN8) ASCM. The YUAN class SS is now assessed to be in full production and will be ready for service by 2020. . The PLA Navy has received seven new domestically produced surface batants in the past two years, including two LUYANG IIclass (Type 052C) DDGs fitted with the indigenous HHQ9 longrange surfacetoair missile (SAM)。 and Lieutenant General Zhang Youxia, Shenyang MR. These new manders reflect the PLA’s modernization priorities and efforts to promote officers who are younger, better educated, and trained according to the PLA’s evolving professional military education guidelines. . Regarding Taiwan, President Hu’s 17th Party Congress speech did not emphasize military threats, but affirmed the importance of continuing China’s military modernization and urged the Party to “accelerate the revolution in military affairs with PLA characteristics [and] ensure preparations for military struggles….” . Hu’s speech also included an offer to hold consultations with Taiwan, based on Beijing’s One China principle, toward “reaching a peace agreement.” Taiwan President Chen Shuibian rejected the offer. Military Power of the People’s Republic of China 中國(guó)最大管理資源中心 第 17 頁(yè) 共 120 頁(yè) . In an August 2020 speech celebrating the 80th anniversary of the founding of the PLA, President Hu called for accelerating the modernization of weapons and equipment, enhancing personnel training, and strengthening bat skills through “ coordinated development between national defense building and economic construction.” China began to use this language in the late 1990s, reflecting the CCP’s strategy of balancing economic growth and military modernization, as opposed to privileging one over the other. . In December 2020, China announced the elevation of Hainan Province’s Xisha Islands office to a countylevel office named “Sansha City,” which would hold administrative jurisdiction over the Paracel and Spratly island groups, and Macclesfield Bank – claims disputed by Brunei, the Philippines, Malaysia, Taiwan, and Vietnam. A PRC spokesperson asserted that China has “indisputable sovereignty” and effective jurisdiction over the islands of the South China Sea “and the adjacent waterways.” In reaction to China’s declaration, hundreds of Vietnamese protesters demonstrated outside the Chinese embassy in Hanoi. Developments in China’s Military Forces China’s longterm, prehensive transformation of its military forces is improving its capacity for force projection and ant