【正文】 Searches for “Sweet Spot” in Parameter SpaceThe Variables Time of Departure from Home Route Taken to Work The Approach Vary time of Departure and Route Simultaneously, in a Systematic FashionThe ResultA Better Combination Allowing 15 More Minutes of Sleep!!!Actual Commuting Time Averages (minutes)3217:15 7:30 7:45 8:00 8:15Route17 20 23 21 1915 18 20 19 1612 15 21 20 18 Original Conclusion BestCombination“Sweet Spot” Reduce Commute to Work to 15 Minutes (without working an abnormal work schedule) The Goal A Practical Example (The “Cookbook”)6? Overview 6?.....and Baking BreadYEAST FLOURUsing a 12 Step Process6? Overview The “BETTER BREAD” CompanyStep 1.....Selecting “Critical to Quality” (CTQs or Y)What is Important to the Customer?? Rise? Texture? Smell? Freshness? TasteY = Taste!!6? Overview MeasureStep 2.....Defining Performance Standards for CTQs or Y6? Overview How Could We Measure Taste (Y)?? Panel of Tasters? Rating System of 1 to 10? Target: Average Rating at 8? Desired: No Individual Ratings (“defects”) Below 7Y = 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 TargetDefectsWorst BestBut.....Is this the Right System?Measure6? Overview Step 3.....Validating the Measurement System for YHow Could We Approach This?? Blindfolded Panel Rates Several Loaf Samples ? Put “Repeat” Pieces from Same Loaf in Different Samples ? Consistent Ratings* on Pieces from Same Loaf = “Repeatability”? Consistent Ratings* on Samples Across the Panel = “Reproducibility” “Repeatability” “Reproducibility” Suggest Valid Measurement Approach Panel Member Loaf 1 Loaf 2 Loaf 3 A 5 8 9 B 4 9 1 C 4 9 2 D 8 9 8 E 4 8 2 F 5 9 1 G 8 9 2* Within 177。 The Potential Performance of a Process, Corrected for an OffTarget MeanLSL USL? ? ?Process Mean181。 T TargetA 3? Process] The Potential Performance of a Process, if it Were on Target6? Overview Long Term Capability (Cpk)CpCpk =Long Term Capability RatioExampleCp = 1 (previous chart)Target = ?181。6? Overview? Six Sigma: A Definition Applied to GE GE Quality Initiative Why This Approach? Origin of Six Sigma The “Breakthrough Strategy” Arriving at Sigma? Six Sigma Structure ? Key Concepts Tools ? A Practical ExampleAn Overview....Not a lot of Details!!6? Overview “Six Sigma”? If we can’t express what we know in the form of numbers, we really don’t know much about it.? If we don’t know much about it, we can’t control it.? If we can’t control it, we are at the mercy of chance. Mikel J. HarryPresident CEOSix Sigma Academy, Inc.A Rigorous Method for Measuring Controlling Our Quality“...will bring GE to a whole new level of quality in a fraction of the time it would have taken to climb the learning curve on our own.”John F. Welch, Jr.1995 GE Annual Report6? Overview What Does “Sigma” Mean? Sigma is a Measure of the Consistency of a ProcessIt (??? is Also the 18th Letter in the Greek Alphabet!Why Does GE Need A Quality Initiative?GE Raising The Bar– New Goal to be “Best in the World” vs. 1 or 2– Customers are Expecting More, we Must Deliver– “Shipandfix” Approach no Longer Tolerated in the Market– Aim to Speed Past Traditional Competitors in 5 Years– Goal Consistent with Reduced Total CostsWe Must Acknowledge Our Vulnerabilities? Poor Quality That Impacts Customers? Problems with NPI? Too High Internal Costs6? Overview We Need a Major Initiative to Move From Where we Are to Where we Want to be6? Overview Why Does GE Need A Quality Initiative?40%35%30%25%20%10%15% 5%Cost of