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【正文】 023 Developments–Light Duty Euro 5 6 Adopted (Too Slow But Added)–Truck Bus Euro VI Proposed By CommissionEuro 5+ and Euro 6 Will Include 6X1011 /km Particle Number LimitComparison of NOx and PM regulations for HD diesel vehicle among Japan, USA and EuropeReconciling the Diesel Engine With the Environment:A Comprehensive ApproachTier 2 Lightduty (1999)2023/2023 Heavyduty (2023)Tier 4 diesel (2023)Common Aspects? Systems approach– fuel change enables clean technologies? Large environmental benefits? Responsive to needs of States to meet air quality goals? Collaborative processHighwayNonroad Lootive/Marine* This figure is intended to illustrate the timeline for the final highway and nonroad diesel fuel sulfur control programs. It is not drawn to exact scale. Refer to 40 CFR Part 80 for specific program dates.All Diesel~3400 ppmHighwayDiesel500ppmAll OffHighway Diesel~3400 ppm80%15 ppm20% 500 ppmAllHighway15 ppm10/1993 06/2023 01/2023Highway + Nonroad Diesel Fuel Sulfur Specs* NR, LM Diesel500 ppmNR 15 ppm6/2023 6/2023HWYNRLM 500 ppm6/2023HHF ~3400ppm Small 15 ppm6/2023Small Credit500 ppmSmall Credit ~3400HHF ~3400ppmLM 15ppm over 3 million40,000lost work dayshospitaladmissionschronic bronchitispremature deathsnumber prevented annually (in 2030)0 10,000 20,000 30,000 Health Benefits Are Tremendous!The Benefits Far Outweigh The Costs40,000costbenefit Total Cost: $11 billionTotal Benefits: $175 billion0 20 40 60 80 100Tier 4 Nonroad2023 HeavydutyHighwayTier 2 LightdutyHighway$ Billion Annually in 203030 % PZEV“10%” Mandate42% by volume2 % AT PZEV11% ~1%ZEVZEV Program (2023 – 2023) Current ZEV ProgramZEV ProgramZEV Technology Review CARBChina Status of Air Quality PM10 levels in Major Chinese Cities (1999 – 2023) NAAQS Class II PM10 limit = 100181。 Up to 7 Fuel cell buses167。1,000,000 sales by 2023 (55%)Model Year VOC + NOx (kg) Reduction1970 1900 2023 ‘PZEV’ 8 %NearZero Emission Vehicles?BMW 325i?Chrysler Sebring?Ford Focus?Ford Fusion?Ford Escape HEV?Honda Accord?Honda Civic HEV?Honda insight HEV?Hyundai Elantra?Kia Spectra?Mazda 3?Mazda 6?Mitsubishi Galant?Nissan Altima?Nissan Sentra?Subaru Outback?Toyota Camry?Toyota Prius HEV?VW Jetta?Volvo S40Fleet Demonstrations167。Currently 20 models for sale, including 4 HEVs167。 Goals:– Drive development of ZEVs– Supports bridging technologies like Hybrids– Maximizes air quality benefits with PZEVs167。1 International Trends in Environmental Regulations for VehiclesSantiago, ChileMay 13, 2023Michael P. WalshInternational ConsultantChairman, Board of Directors,International Council on Clean TransportationMajor Global Trends? Environmental Concerns Increasing– Particles– Global Warming
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