【正文】 including sentences they have never heard before. 3) Duality Language consists of two sets of structures, or two levels. At the lower or the basic level there is a structure of sounds, which are meaningless by themselves. But the sounds of language can be grouped and regrouped into a large number of units of meaning, which are found at the higher level of the system. 4) Displacement Language can be used to refer to things which are present or not present, real or imagined matters in the past, present, or future, or in faraway places. In other words, language can be used to refer to contexts removed from the immediate situations of the speaker. This is what “displacement” means. 5) Cultural transmission While human capacity for language has a genetic basis, ., we were all born with the ability to acquire language, the details of any language system are not genetically transmitted, but instead have to be taught and learned. 9. What are the major functions of language? Think of your own examples for illustration.答： Three main functions are often recognized of language: the descriptive function, the expressive function, and the social function.The descriptive function is the function to convey factual information, which can be asserted or denied, and in some cases even verified. For example: “China is a large country with a long history.”The expressive function supplies information about the user’s feelings, preferences, prejudices, and values. For example: “I will never go windowshopping with her.” The social function serves to establish and maintain social relations between people. . For example: “We are your firm supporters.”Chapter 2 PhonologyP301. What are the two major media of linguistic munication? Of the two, which one is primary and why?答： Speech and writing are the two major media of linguistic munication. Of the two media of language, speech is more primary than writing, for reasons, please refer to the answer to the fifth problem in the last chapter.2. What is voicing and how is it caused?答： Voicing is a quality of speech sounds and a feature of all vowels and some consonants in English. It is caused by the vibration of the vocal cords.3. Explain with examples how broad transcription and narrow transcription differ?答： The transcription with lettersymbols only is called broad transcription. This is the transcription normally used in dictionaries and teaching textbooks for general purposes. The latter, . the transcription with lettersymbols together with the diacritics is called narrow transcription. This is the transcription needed and used by the phoneticians in their study of speech sounds. With the help of the diacritics they can faithfully represent as much of the fine details as it is necessary for their purpose. In broad transcription, the symbol [l] is used for the sounds [l] in the four words leaf [li:f], feel [fi:l], build [bild], and health [helθ]. As a matter of fact, the sound [l] in all these four sound binations differs slightly. The [l] in [li:f], occurring before a vowel, is called a dear [l], and no diacritic is needed to indicate it?？傊Z言的使用可以脫離交際的直接情景語境，從而不受語言時空距離的影響。在低層次是一個個沒有意義的音，如/p/,/g/,/i/等，但是這些處在低層次的沒有意義的音可以依照一定的語言規(guī)則結(jié)合在一起形成語言體系的高層次，即：有意義的單位，如詞素，單詞等。 2） 創(chuàng)造性：語言的創(chuàng)造性主要表現(xiàn)在語言使用者能夠以有限的語言規(guī)則為基礎(chǔ)說出和理解無限的句子，包括他們以前從沒有聽說過的句子。 1） 任意性：它指音與義之間沒有邏輯聯(lián)系。這些特征是所有人類語言所共有的。s distinction and Chomsky39。s distinction between langue and parole similar to Chomsky39。 (6) pragmatics: it studies the meaning in the context of language use.3. In what basic ways does modern linguistics differ from traditional grammar?答： The general approach thus traditionally formed to the study of language over the years is roughly referred to as “traditional grammar.” Modern linguistics differs from traditional grammar in several basic ways.Firstly, linguistics is descriptive while traditional grammar is prescriptive.Second, modem linguistics regards the spoken language as primary, not the written. Traditional grammarians, on the other hand, tended to emphasize, maybe overemphasize, the importance of the written word, partly because of its permanence.Then, modem linguistics differs from traditional grammar also in that it does not force languages into a Latinbased framework. 4. Is moder