新編簡明英語語言學(xué)教程戴煒棟第1-3章課后練習(xí)題答案(文件)
【正文】 he phoneticians in their study of speech sounds. With the help of the diacritics they can faithfully represent as much of the fine details as it is necessary for their purpose. In broad transcription, the symbol [l] is used for the sounds [l] in the four words leaf [li:f], feel [fi:l], build [bild], and health [helθ]. As a matter of fact, the sound [l] in all these four sound binations differs slightly. The [l] in [li:f], occurring before a vowel, is called a dear [l], and no diacritic is needed to indicate it。 in fact they are nasalized in certain phonetic contexts. For example, the [i:] sound is nasalized in words like bean, green, team, and scream. This is because in all these sound binations the [i:] sound is followed by a nasal [n] or [m]. The assimilation rule also accounts for the varying pronunciation of the alveolar nasal [n] in some sound binations. The rule is that within a word, the nasal [n] assumes the same place of articulation as the consonant that follows it. We know that in English the prefix in can be added to ma adjective to make the meaning of the word negative, . discreet – indiscreet, correct – incorrect. But the [n] sound in the prefix in is not always pronounced as an alveolar nasal. It is so in the word indiscreet because the consonant that follows it, . [d], is an alveolar stop, but the [n] sound in the word incorrect is actually pronounced as a velar nasal, . [?]。 not” stem type: added to adjectives examples: asymmetric, “l(fā)acking symmetry” asexual, “without sex or sex organs”答：(1) prefix: dis meaning: showing an opposite stem type: added to verbs or nouns examples : disapprove, “do not approve” dishonesty, “l(fā)ack of honesty”. (2) prefix: anti meaning: against, opposed to stem type: added to nouns or adjectives examples : antinuclear, “opposing the use of atomic weapons and power” antisocial, “opposed or harmful to the laws and customs of an organized munity. ” (3) prefix: counter meaning: the opposite of stem type: added to nouns or adjectives. examples: counterproductive, “producing results opposite to those intended” counteract, “act against and reduce the force or effect of (sth.) ”4. The italicized part in each of the following sentences is an inflectional morpheme. Study each inflectional morpheme carefully and point out its grammatical meaning. Sue moves in highsociety circles in London. A traffic warden asked John to move his car. The club has moved to Friday, February 22nd. The branches of the trees are moving back and forth.答：(1) the third person singular(2) the past tense(3) the present perfect(4) the present progressive5. Determine whether the words in each of the following groups are related to one another by processes of inflection or derivation.a) go, goes, going, goneb) discover, discovery, discoverer, discoverable, discoverabilityc) inventor, inventor’s, inventors, inventors’d) democracy, democrat, democratic, democratize答：(略)6. The following sentences contain both derivational and inflectional affixes. Underline all of the derivational affixes and circle the inflectional affixes.a) The farmer’s cows escaped.b) It was raining.c) Those socks are inexpensive.d) Jim needs the newer copy.e) The strongest rower continued.f) She quickly closed the book.g) The alphabetization went well.答：(略)7。quick39。]答：A. (1) [?] (2) [ f ] (3) [d ] (4) [ ? ] (5) [ ?:] (6) [p] B. (1) voiceless alveolar stop (2) voiced alveolar liquid (3) voiceless palatal affricate (4) voiced bilabial glide (5) back, close, short (6) front, open7. How do phonetics and phonology differ in their focus of study? Who do you think will be more interested in the difference between, say, [l] and [?], [ph] and [p], a phonetician or a phonologist? Why?答： (1) Both phonology and phonetics are concerned with the same aspect of language –– the speech sounds. But while both are related to the study of sounds, they differ in their approach and focus. Phonetics is of a general nature?？傊?，語言的使用可以脫離交際的直接情景語境，從而不受語言時(shí)空距離的影響。
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