【正文】 2） 創(chuàng)造性：語言的創(chuàng)造性主要表現(xiàn)在語言使用者能夠以有限的語言規(guī)則為基礎(chǔ)說出和理解無限的句子，包括他們以前從沒有聽說過的句子。這些特征是所有人類語言所共有的。s distinction between langue and parole similar to Chomsky39。 (4) syntax: it studies the rules which govern how words are bined to form grammatically permissible sentences in languages?！缎戮幒喢饔⒄Z語言學(xué)教程》第二版 第13章練習(xí)題 參考答案Chapter 1 Introduction P131. How do you interpret the following definition of linguistics: Linguistics is the scientific study of language？答： Linguistics is based on the systematic investigation of linguistic data, conducted with reference to some general theory of language structure. In order to discover the nature and rules of the underlying language system, the linguists has to collect and observe language facts first, which are found to display some similarities, and generalizations are made about them。 (3) morphology: it studies the way in which linguistic symbols representing sounds are arranged and bined to form words。s world there are still many languages that can only be spoken but not written. Then in everyday munication, speech plays a greater role than writing in terms of the amount of information conveyed. And also, speech is always the way in which every native speaker acquires his mother tongue, and writing is learned and taught later when he goes to school. For modern linguists, spoken language reveals many true features of human speech while written language is only the “revised” record of speech. Thus their data for investigation and analysis are mostly drawn from everyday speech, which they regard as authentic.6. How is Saussure39。s are very similar, they differ at least in that Saussure took a sociological view of language and his notion of langue is a matter of social conventions, and Chomsky looks at language from a psychological point of view and to him petence is a property of the mind of each individual. 7. What characteristics of language do you think should be included in a good, prehensive definition of language?答： First of all, language is a system, ., elements of language are bined according to rules.Second, language is arbitrary in the sense that there is no intrinsic connection between a linguistic symbol and what the symbol stands for. Third, language is vocal because the primary medium for all languages is sound.Fourth, language is humanspecific, i. e., it is very different from the munication systems other forms of life possess.8. What are the main features of human language that have been specified by C. Hockett to show that it is essentially different from animal munication system? （2．2語言的識別性特征） 美國語言學(xué)家 C. Hockett提出了人類語言的 12種識別性特征，其中最重要的識別性特種有5種： 即語言的任意性、創(chuàng)造性、二重性、移位性和文化傳遞性。比如說，不同的語言使用不同的音指相同的事物。 4） 移位性：移位性指人類可以使用語言來談?wù)撨^去的事情，現(xiàn)在的事情或?qū)淼氖虑?；語言也可以用來談?wù)撐覀兛陀^世界中的事情，或假想世界中的事情。 the [1] in [fi:l] and [bild], occurring at the end of a word or before another consonant, is pronounced differently from the clear [1] as in “l(fā)eaf”. It is called dark [?] and in narrow transcription the diacritic [?] is used to indicate it. Then in the sound bination [helθ], the sound [l] is followed by the English dental sound [θ], its pronunciation is somewhat affected by the dental sound that follows it. It is thus called a dental [l], and in narrow transcription the diacritic [、] is used to indicate it. It is transcribed as [helθ]. Another example is the consonant [p]. We all know that [p] is pronounced differently in the two words pit and spit. In the word pit, the sound [p] is pronounced with a strong puff of air, but in spit the puff of air is withheld to some extent. In the case of pit, the [p] sound is said to be aspirated and in the case of spit, the [p] sound is unaspirated. This difference is not shown in broad transcription, but in narrow transcription, a small raised “h” is used to show aspiration, thus pit is transcribed as [ph?t] and spit is transcribed as [sp?t].4. How are the English consonants classified? 答： English consonants can be classified in two ways: one is in terms of manner of articulation and the other is in terms of place of articulation. In terms of manner of articulation the English consonants can be classified into the following types: stops, fricatives, affricates, liquids, nasals and glides. In terms of place of articulation, it can be classified into following types: bilabial, labiodental, dental, a