【正文】 他們領(lǐng)土內(nèi)的土地。39。39。39。議會(huì)的最重要的部分是上議院。大議會(huì)發(fā)展到后來(lái)演變成議會(huì)，分為上議院和下議院。 origins of the English Parliament 英國(guó)議會(huì)的起源 The Great Council is known to be the prototype of the current British Parliament. In 1265, Simon de Montfort summoned the Great Council, together with two knights from each county and two citizens from each town. It later developed into the House of Lords and the House of Commons. Its main role was to offer advice. There were no elections or parties. And the most important part of Parliament was the House of Lords. 大議會(huì)是當(dāng)今英國(guó)議會(huì)的原型。盡管人們普遍認(rèn)為《大憲章》為英國(guó)的自由奠定了基礎(chǔ)，但該憲章只是規(guī)定國(guó)王和貴族之間封建關(guān)系和法律關(guān)系的文件，保證了教會(huì)的自由，限制了國(guó)王權(quán)利。 (4) London and other towns should retain their traditional rights and privileges, and (5) there should be the same weights and measures throughout the country. Although The Great Charter has long been popularly regarded as the foundation of English liberties, it was a statement of the feudal and legal relationships between the Crown and the barons, a guarantee of the freedom of the Church and a limitation of the powers of the king. The spirit of the Great Charter was the limitation of the powers of the king, keeping them within the bounds of the feudal law of the land. 《大憲章》是約翰國(guó)王 1215年在封建貴族壓力下簽定的。 (2) no freemen should be arrested, imprisoned or deprived of their property。他堅(jiān)持被控犯有刑事罪的神職人員應(yīng)由國(guó)王法庭審判，而不由主教法庭審判。在他統(tǒng)治時(shí)期，逐漸建立起超越地方領(lǐng)主法律的普遍法。他將全國(guó)分為六個(gè)審制區(qū)。39。39。 The ways Henry II reform the courts and the law. 亨利二世對(duì)法院及法律進(jìn)行改革的方式。 strengthened and widened the powers of his sheriffs and relied for armed support upon a militia posed of English freemen. 亨利二世采取了一些措施鞏固君主制。 recalled grants of Royal lands made by his previous king Stephen。 2. King Henry II and his reforms 亨利二世國(guó)王和他的改革 The ways King Henry II consolidate the monarchy. 亨利二世鞏固君主制的途徑。 ⑥ 在封建等級(jí)底層的是農(nóng)奴。 ④ 這些地產(chǎn)分散于各處，這樣土地?fù)碛姓呔筒灰茁?lián)合起來(lái)反叛國(guó)王。 ② 根據(jù)此制度，國(guó)王擁有全國(guó)所有土地。39。39。39。39。而還有一些英國(guó)人的是諾曼血統(tǒng)。 3． The English is a mixture of nationalities of different origins. The ancestors of many English people were the ancient Angles and Saxons. Some English people are of the NormanFrench origin. 英國(guó)是一個(gè)集不同民族于一體的國(guó)家。開放了與歐洲大陸的關(guān)系，文明和商業(yè)得到發(fā)展，引進(jìn)了諾曼 — 法國(guó)文化、語(yǔ)言、舉止和建筑。他用強(qiáng)有力的諾曼政府代替了軟弱的薩克遜政府。 The Norman Conquest of 1066 is perhaps the bestknown event in English history. William the Conqueror confiscated almost all the land and gave it to his Norman followers. He replaced the weak Saxon rule with a strong Norman government. He replaced the weak Saxon rule with a strong Norman government. So the feudal system was pletely established in England. Relations with the Continent were opened, and the civilization and merce were extended. NormanFrench culture, language, manners and architecture were introduced. The Church was brought into closer connection with Rome, and the church courts were separated from the civil courts. 1066 年的諾曼征服也許是英國(guó)歷史上的最著名事件。公元 1066 年 10 月，在哈斯丁斯附近的激烈交鋒中， 威廉打敗了哈羅德軍隊(duì)，同時(shí)哈羅德也在此戰(zhàn)爭(zhēng)中戰(zhàn)死。 V． The Norman Conquest (1066) 諾曼征服（公元 1066年） 1． Reasons for William’s invasion of England after Edward’s death. 威廉在愛德華死后入侵英國(guó)的原因。所有這一切使他當(dāng)之無(wú)愧于 “ 阿爾弗雷德大王。他將一本拉丁語(yǔ)的書翻譯成英語(yǔ)。 他因?yàn)榻⒘藦?qiáng)大艦隊(duì)，而以 “ 英國(guó)海軍之父 ” 聞名于世。協(xié)議規(guī)定丹麥人控制英格蘭北部和西部（丹麥法區(qū)），而他統(tǒng)治其他地區(qū)。 2． King Alfred (849899) and his contributions 艾爾弗雷德國(guó)王（ 849899）和他所做出的貢獻(xiàn) Alfred was a king of Wessex. He defeated the Danes and reached a friendly agreement with them in 879. The Danes gained control of the north and east, while he ruled the rest. He also converted some leading Danes into Christians. He founded a strong fleet and is known as “ the father of the British navy”. He reanized the Saxon army, making it more efficient. He translated a Latin book into English. He also established schools and formulated a legal system. All this earns him the title “Alf red the Great.” 阿爾弗雷德是威塞克斯的國(guó)王。他們甚至占領(lǐng)了約克郡，公元 867 年時(shí)的基督教中心。 IV． Viking and Danish invasions 北歐海盜和丹麥人的入侵 1． The invaders were the Norwegians and the Danes. They attacked various parts of England from the end of the 8th century. They became a serious problem in the 9th century, especially between 835 and 878. They even managed to capture York, an important center of Christianity in 867. By the middle of 9th century, the Viking and the Danes were posing a threat to the Saxon kingdom of Wessex. 入侵者是挪威人和丹麥人，從 8 世紀(jì)末開始，他們不斷襲擊英格蘭的各個(gè)地方。此外，他們還建立了領(lǐng)地制。首先，他們把國(guó)家劃分為郡，郡法庭和郡法官、或行政司法長(zhǎng)官負(fù)責(zé)執(zhí)法。 3． The Early AngloSaxons make the contributions to the English state. 早期盎格魯 — 撒克遜人為英國(guó)做出的貢獻(xiàn)。在使國(guó)王和貴族皈依基督教方面，奧古斯丁特別成功。公元 597，教皇格里高一世把羅馬圣安德魯修道院的副院長(zhǎng)圣奧古斯丁派遣到英格蘭，其使命是使異教徒的英國(guó)人皈依基督教。 The AngloSaxons brought their own Teutonic religion to Britain. Christianity soon disappeared, except among the Celts of Cornwall, Wales, Scotland and Ireland. In 597, Pope Gregory I sent St. Augustine, the Prior of St. Andrew’s Monastery in Rome, to England to convert the heathen English to Christianity. In 579 St. Augustine became the first Archbishop of Canterbury. He was remarkably successful in converting the king and the nobility, but the conversion of the mon people was largely due to the missionary activities of the monks in the north. 盎格魯 — 撒克遜人把日耳曼宗教帶到了英國(guó)。這七個(gè)主要王國(guó)（肯特、埃塞克斯、蘇塞克斯、威塞克斯、東盎格利亞、麥西亞和諾森伯利亞），合稱為七王國(guó)。后來(lái)從德國(guó)北部來(lái)的使用短劍的撒克遜人在埃撒克斯、蘇塞克斯和威塞克斯建立了王國(guó)，統(tǒng)治期 從五世紀(jì)末至六世紀(jì)初。這是三支日耳曼（條頓）部落。這些重要事件分別是盎格魯 — 撒克遜人的入侵，北歐海盜和丹麥人的入侵及諾曼征服 )。 The Viking and Danish Invasions and The Norman Conquest. (簡(jiǎn)要：這是第二章 “ 國(guó)家的起源 ” 的第二部分。但是由于這個(gè)簡(jiǎn)要是我自己歸納而成，有些地方可能還存在一些缺陷，還望廣大朋友能夠諒解。就是在每個(gè)部分的講解前，先簡(jiǎn)要介紹一下本次講解的內(nèi)容。最后，羅馬人也未影響普通不列顛人的語(yǔ)言和文化。 First, the Romans always treated the Britons as a subject people of slave class. Second, never during the 4 centuries did the Romans and Britons intermarry. Third, the Romans had no impact on the language or culture of ordinary Britons. 首先，羅馬人把不列顛人當(dāng)作奴隸階段的屬民來(lái)對(duì)待。羅馬人還把基督教這門新宗教帶到不列顛。 2. Roman’s influence on Britain. The Roman built many towns, road, baths, temples and buildings. They make good use of Britain’s natural re sources. They also brought the new religion, Christianity, to Britain