【正文】 Great.” 阿爾弗雷德是威塞克斯的國王。 The AngloSaxons brought their own Teutonic religion to Britain. Christianity soon disappeared, except among the Celts of Cornwall, Wales, Scotland and Ireland. In 597, Pope Gregory I sent St. Augustine, the Prior of St. Andrew’s Monastery in Rome, to England to convert the heathen English to Christianity. In 579 St. Augustine became the first Archbishop of Canterbury. He was remarkably successful in converting the king and the nobility, but the conversion of the mon people was largely due to the missionary activities of the monks in the north. 盎格魯 — 撒克遜人把日耳曼宗教帶到了英國。最后，羅馬人也未影響普通不列顛人的語言和文化。 2． At about 2020 BC the Beaker Folk arrived from the areas now know as Holland and Rhineland. 約公元前 2020年，從現(xiàn)在的荷蘭和萊茵蘭地區(qū)來了寬口陶器人。 英國北部、西部雨量過多，但是南部、東部有所缺乏。全長 338 公里。 the Central lowlands。 首府：愛丁堡。 Lough Neagh is the largest lake in Britain which is located in Northern Ireland. (396 square kilometres). 訥湖（內(nèi)伊湖）是英 國最大的湖，位于北愛爾蘭。 difference between the ancestors of the English and Scots, Welsh and Irish: 英倫三島民族的祖先： The ancestors of the English are AngloSaxons, the Scots, Welsh and Irish are Celts. 英格蘭人祖先屬于盎格魯 — 薩克遜人，而蘇格蘭、威爾士和愛爾蘭人屬于凱爾特人。 The first wave were the Gaelscame about 600 BC. 第一次高潮是約公元前 600年蓋爾人的來臨。我也覺得有了這樣的簡要介紹，就可以使你們一目了然，然后再看后面的具體內(nèi)容，就比較容易理解。公元 579年圣奧古丁成為坎特伯雷大主教。他還勸服一些丹麥?zhǔn)最I(lǐng)成為基督教徒。教會(huì)與羅馬的聯(lián)系更為密切，教會(huì)法庭與世俗法庭分離。 ⑤ 已成為 國王土地承租人的貴族又把土地分配給小貴族、騎士和自由民，同樣換取貨物和服役。案件更多地由巡回法官審理，并不偏不倚地使用法律。 IV． The Hundred Years39。英國的人口在 14 世紀(jì)末從 400萬銳減至 200 萬。這些戰(zhàn)爭使英國的封建主義受到致命打擊，貴族階層受到了削弱。s religious reform and her foreign policy 伊莉莎白的宗教改革和外交政策 Elizabeth39。戰(zhàn)爭開始于 1642 年 8月 22 日，結(jié)束于 1651 年。詹姆斯二世從小在歐洲流亡長大，是個(gè)天主教徒，他希望不放棄個(gè)人宗教信仰統(tǒng)治國家?？藗愅柕囊晃粚④妴讨蚊煽苏碱I(lǐng)倫敦，安排新的議會(huì)選舉。 2) England as an insular country followed a course of social and political history which was to a great extent independent of the course of history elsewhere in Europe。 Henry VIII’s reform stressed the power of the monarch and certainly strengthened Henry’s position。這次起義具有真實(shí)的社會(huì)性，把矛頭直接對準(zhǔn)了富有的教職人員、律師和地主。 V. The Black Death 黑死病 The Black Death is the modern name given to the deadly epidemic disease spread by rat fleas across Europe in the 14th century. It swept through England in the summer of 1348. It reduced England39。 1265 年，西門德孟福爾召開大議會(huì)，各縣有兩名騎士，各鎮(zhèn)有兩名市民參加。s court to the King39。s tenantsinchief, parceled out land to the lesser nobles, knights and freemen, also in return for goods and services. ⑥At the bottom of the feudal scale were the villeins or serfs. ⑦One peculiar feature of the feudal system of England was that all landowners must take the oath of allegiance， not only to their immediate lord, but also to the king. ① 在威廉統(tǒng)治下，英國的封建制度得到完全確立。征服者威廉幾乎沒收了所有土地，將其 分發(fā)給他的諾曼追隨者。到 9 世紀(jì)中葉，北歐海盜和丹麥人威脅到撒克遜人的威撒克斯王國的安全。 2． The early AngloSaxons converted to Christianity. 最早的盎格魯 — 撒克遜人改信基督教。其次，在四世紀(jì)對羅馬人和不列顛人通婚。 第二章 英國的起源 The Origins of a Nation Chapter 2： The Origins of a Nation (5000BC1066) 英國的起源（公元前 5000 年 — 1066 年） Settlers （ 5000BC55BC）早期的居民（公元前 5000 年 — 公元前 55 年） 1． The first known settlers of Britain were the Iberians. 人們所知的英國最早居民是伊比利來人。 降雨量： Britain has a steady reliable rainfall throughout the whole year. The average annual rainfall in Britain is over 1,000mm. There is a water surplus in the north and west, and a water deficit in the south and east. 英國全年降雨量穩(wěn)定，平均降雨量超過 1000 毫米。 Severn River is the longest river in Britain (338km). 塞文河是英國最長的河流。 (2) Scotland is in the north of Great Britain. It has three natural zones (the Highlands in the north。 (3) Wales is in the west of Great Britain. Capital: Cardiff 威爾士位于大不列顛的西部。面積為 396平方公里。 difference in character 個(gè)性差別： The Welsh are emotional and cheerful people. They are music lovers and are proud of their past. 威爾士人感情豐富，情緒 高漲，熱愛音樂，為過去感到自豪。 The second wave were the Brythonscame about 400 BC. 第二次高潮是約公元前 400年布立吞（不列顛）人的抵達(dá)。但是由于這個(gè)簡要是我自己歸納而成，有些地方可能還存在一些缺陷，還望廣大朋友能夠諒解。在使國王和貴族皈依基督教方面，奧古斯丁特別成功。 他因?yàn)榻⒘藦?qiáng)大艦隊(duì)，而以 “ 英國海軍之父 ” 聞名于世。 3． The English is a mixture of nationalities of different origins. The ancestors of many English people were the ancient Angles and Saxons. Some English people are of the NormanFrench origin. 英國是一個(gè)集不同民族于一體的國家。 ⑥ 在封建等級(jí)底層的是農(nóng)奴。在他統(tǒng)治時(shí)期，逐漸建立起超越地方領(lǐng)主法律的普遍法。39。 黑死病對經(jīng)濟(jì)造成的后果更為深遠(yuǎn)。 II. The English Reformation 英國的宗教改革 Henry VIII was above all responsible for the religious reform of the church. There were three main causes: a desire for change and reform in the church had been growing for many years and now, encouraged by the success of Martin Luther, many people believed its time had e。39。最后查爾斯被處死。但是 1688的英國已不象 40年前那樣能容忍天主教徒當(dāng)國王了。s son to return from his exile in France as king Charles II. It was called the Restoration. 1658 年奧利弗克倫威爾去世，他的兒子理查德繼任護(hù)國公，政權(quán)立即開始瓦解。 IV. The English Renaissance 英國文藝復(fù)興 Distinctive features of the English Renaissance 英國文藝復(fù)興的特點(diǎn) 1) English culture was revitalized not so much directly by the classics as by contemporary Europeans under the influence of the classics。 1535年他獲 “ 英格蘭教會(huì)最高首腦 ”之稱號(hào)。 盡管起義被血腥鎮(zhèn)壓，但在英國歷史上留下了深遠(yuǎn)的影響。 戰(zhàn)爭的結(jié)果：把英國人趕出法國對兩個(gè)國家都是幸事：若國車人繼續(xù)留在法國，那么法國人在領(lǐng)土和財(cái)富上所占的優(yōu)勢必然會(huì)阻礙分離的英國民族的發(fā)展；而法國民族被外國勢力占 領(lǐng)了眾多的領(lǐng)土，發(fā)展更是長期受阻。 origins of the English Parliament 英國議會(huì)的起源 The Great Council is known to be the prototype of the current British Parliament. In 1265, Simon de Montfort summoned the Great Council, together with two knights from each county and two citizens from each town. It later developed into the House of Lords and the House of Commons. Its main role was to offer advice. There were no elections or parties. And the most important part of Parliament was the House of Lords. 大議會(huì)是當(dāng)今英國議會(huì)的原型。39。39。 The Norman Conquest of 1066 is perhaps the bestknown event in English history. William the Conqueror confiscated almost all the land and gave it to his Norman followers. He replaced the weak Saxon rule with a strong Norman government. He replaced the weak Saxon rule with