【正文】 gland and northern England: 英格蘭南方人和北方人語言上的差別： Southerners speak the type of English close to BBC English。 Welsh keep their language and culture in this way: 威爾士人以這樣的方式使他們的語言及文化保持活力。一年中最重要的節(jié)日是全國詩歌音樂比賽會。 main problem in Northern Ireland: 北愛爾蘭存在的主要問題： The fight between the Protestants who are the dominant group, and the Roman Catholics, who are seeking more social, political and economic opportunities. 作為統(tǒng)治者的新教徒和要求更多社會、政治及經(jīng)濟權(quán)利的羅馬天主教徒之間的斗爭。 第二章 英國的起源 The Origins of a Nation Chapter 2： The Origins of a Nation (5000BC1066) 英國的起源（公元前 5000 年 — 1066 年） Settlers （ 5000BC55BC）早期的居民（公元前 5000 年 — 公元前 55 年） 1． The first known settlers of Britain were the Iberians. 人們所知的英國最早居民是伊比利來人。 3． The Celts began to arrive Britain about 700 BC. 約公元前 700 年，克爾特人來到不列顛島。 The first wave were the Gaelscame about 600 BC. 第一次高潮是約公元前 600年蓋爾人的來臨。 The third wave were the Belgaecame about 150 BC. 第三次是約公元前 150 年比利其人的到達。公元前 55 年和 54年，羅馬將軍朱略斯 ?凱撒兩次入侵英國，均未成功。將近四百年里，英國人處于羅馬人的占領下，但這并非是完全的占領。他們還很好地利用了英國的自然資源。 for limited Roman influence on Britain. 羅馬對不列顛的影響有限的原因。其次，在四世紀對羅馬人和不列顛人通婚。 前些天，網(wǎng)友 Samy 給了我一個很好的建議。我也覺得有了這樣的簡要介紹，就可以使你們一目了然，然后再看后面的具體內(nèi)容，就比較容易理解。 Summary: This is the second part of Chapter 2 (The Origins of a Nation). It introduced some important events and important people in England from 446 to 1066. These most important events are The AnglosSaxons’ invasion。在這一部分里，主要是介紹了英國從公元 446 年到1066 年所發(fā)生的重要事件及人物。 III. The AngloSaxons (446871) 盎格魯 — 撒克遜人（公元 446— 871年） 1． Basis of Modern English race: the AngloSaxons. 盎格魯 — 薩克遜時代（奠定了英國的基礎） In the mid5th century a new wave of invaders, Jutes, Saxons, and Angles came to Britain. They were three Teutonic tribes. The Jutes, who fished and farmed in Jutland, came to Britain first. A Jutish chief became the King of Kent in 449. Then the Saxons, users of the shortsword from northern Germany, established their kingdom in Essex, Sussex and Wessex from the end of the 5th century to the beginning of the 6th century. In the second half of the 6th century. In the second half of the 6th century, the Angles, who also came from northern Germany and were to give their name to the English people, settled in East Anglia, Mercia and Northumbria. These seven principal kingdoms of Kent, Essex, Sussex, Wessex, East Anglia, Mercia and Northumbria have been given the name of Heptarchy. 五世紀中葉，朱特人、撒克遜人和盎格魯人不斷入侵不列顛。 居住在朱特蘭島（現(xiàn)丹麥南部）上從事打漁農(nóng)耕的朱特人先抵不列顛。六世紀后半葉，同樣來自德國北部的盎格魯人，在東盎格利亞、麥西亞以及諾森伯利來定居，同時也他們也把名字給了英國人。 2． The early AngloSaxons converted to Christianity. 最早的盎格魯 — 撒克遜人改信基督教。除了康瓦爾、威爾士、蘇格蘭和愛爾蘭中的克爾特人還信奉基督教外，基督教很快就消失了。公元 579年圣奧古丁成為坎特伯雷大主教。但是普通人的皈依很大程度上歸功于北部修士們的傳教活動。 The AngloSaxons laid the foundations of the English state. Firstly, they divided the country into shires, with shire courts and shire reeves, or sheriffs, responsible for administering law. Secondly, they devised the narrowstrip, threefield farming system which continued to the 18th century. Thirdly, they also established the manorial system. Finally, they created the Witan（ council or meeting of the wisemen） to advise the king, the basis of the Privy Council which still exists today. 盎格魯 — 撒克遜人為英國國家的形成打下了基礎。其次，他們設計的窄條三圃田農(nóng)耕制延用至 18世紀。最后，他們還創(chuàng)立了議會 (賢人會議 )，向國王提供建議，這就成為了今天仍存在的樞密院的基礎。 9世紀，尤其是公元835878年間已成為嚴重問題。到 9 世紀中葉，北歐海盜和丹麥人威脅到撒克遜人的威撒克斯王國的安全。他打敗了丹麥人，并于公元 879 年與他們達成了友好協(xié)議。他還勸服一些丹麥首領成為基督教徒。他改組了 “ 弗立德 ” （撒克遜軍隊），使之更為高效。同時他還建立了學校，并且闡明了法律制度。 ” 的稱號。 It was said that king Edward had promised the English throne to William, but the Witan chose Harold as king. So William led his army to invade England. In October 1066, during the important battle of Hastings, William defeated Harold and killed him. One Christmas Day, William was crowned king of England, thus beginning the Norman Conquest of England. 據(jù)說，愛德華國王曾答應把英格蘭王位傳給諾曼底公爵威廉，但是賢人會議挑選了哈羅德為國王。 2． The Norman Conquest and its consequences 諾曼征服及其產(chǎn)生的影響。征服者威廉幾乎沒收了所有土地，將其 分發(fā)給他的諾曼追隨者。于是，封建制度在英國完全建立。教會與羅馬的聯(lián)系更為密切，教會法庭與世俗法庭分離。許多英國人的祖先是古盎格魯和撒克遜人。 第三章 英國的形成 The Shaping of the Nation Chapter 3： The Shaping of the Nation (10661381) 英國的形成（公元 10661381） I. Norman Rule (10661381) 諾曼統(tǒng)治（公元 10661381） 1. William39。s Rule （ 10661087） 威廉一世的統(tǒng)治（公元 10661087） England39。s feudalism under the rule of William the Conqueror 在威廉統(tǒng)治下的英國封建制度 ①Under William, the feudal system in England was pletely established. ②According to this system, the King owned all the land personally. ③William gave his barons large estates in England in return for a promise of military service and a proportion of the land39。s produce. ④These estates were scattered far and wide over the country, so that those who held them could not easily bine to rebel the king. ⑤The barons, who had bee William39。s tenantsinchief, parceled out land to the lesser nobles, knights and freemen, also in return for goods and services. ⑥At the bottom of the feudal scale were the villeins or serfs. ⑦One peculiar feature of the feudal system of England was that all landowners must take the oath of allegiance， not only to their immediate lord, but also to the king. ① 在威廉統(tǒng)治下，英國的封建制度得到完全確立。 ③ 威廉把英國的大片土地分給貴族，條件是換取對方服役和收租。 ⑤ 已成為 國王土地承租人的貴族又把土地分配給小貴族、騎士和自由民，同樣換取貨物和服役。 ⑦ 英國封建制獨有的特色就是，無論是土地承租人還是二佃戶，都必須要宣誓效忠于直接領主，而且要效忠于國王。 Henry II took some measures to consolidate the monarchy. He forced the Flemish mercenaries to leave England。 demolished many castles built in Stephen’s time。他迫使弗蘭德斯雇傭軍離開英國，收回史蒂芬森贈出皇室土地；拆除幾十座史蒂芬森時造德城堡，加強并擴大了他的行政長官們的權(quán)力，依靠由英國自由民組成的民兵獲取軍事支持。 King Henry II greatly strengthened the Court and extended its judicial work. He divided the whole country into six circuits and appointed justices to each. Cases were therefore heard before the intermittent justices who applied the law impartially. During his reign, a mon law was gradually established in place of the previous laws of the local barons. He also introduced a new jury system to repla