【正文】 e, manners and architecture were introduced. The Church was brought into closer connection with Rome, and the church courts were separated from the civil courts. 1066 年的諾曼征服也許是英國歷史上的最著名事件。 V． The Norman Conquest (1066) 諾曼征服（公元 1066年） 1． Reasons for William’s invasion of England after Edward’s death. 威廉在愛德華死后入侵英國的原因。他將一本拉丁語的書翻譯成英語。協(xié)議規(guī)定丹麥人控制英格蘭北部和西部（丹麥法區(qū)），而他統(tǒng)治其他地區(qū)。他們甚至占領(lǐng)了約克郡，公元 867 年時的基督教中心。此外，他們還建立了領(lǐng)地制。 3． The Early AngloSaxons make the contributions to the English state. 早期盎格魯 — 撒克遜人為英國做出的貢獻(xiàn)。公元 597，教皇格里高一世把羅馬圣安德魯修道院的副院長圣奧古斯丁派遣到英格蘭，其使命是使異教徒的英國人皈依基督教。這七個主要王國（肯特、埃塞克斯、蘇塞克斯、威塞克斯、東盎格利亞、麥西亞和諾森伯利亞），合稱為七王國。這是三支日耳曼（條頓）部落。 The Viking and Danish Invasions and The Norman Conquest. (簡要：這是第二章 “ 國家的起源 ” 的第二部分。就是在每個部分的講解前，先簡要介紹一下本次講解的內(nèi)容。 First, the Romans always treated the Britons as a subject people of slave class. Second, never during the 4 centuries did the Romans and Britons intermarry. Third, the Romans had no impact on the language or culture of ordinary Britons. 首先，羅馬人把不列顛人當(dāng)作奴隸階段的屬民來對待。 2. Roman’s influence on Britain. The Roman built many towns, road, baths, temples and buildings. They make good use of Britain’s natural re sources. They also brought the new religion, Christianity, to Britain. 羅馬人修建了許多城鎮(zhèn)網(wǎng)，道路，澡堂，廟宇和其他建筑物。 II. Roman Britain (55BC410AD) 羅馬人統(tǒng)治時期的英國（公元前 55 年 — 410年） recorded history begins with the Roman invasion. In 55BC and 54BC, Julius Caesar, a Roman general, invaded Britain twice. In AD 43, the Emperor Claudius invaded Britain successfully. For nearly 400 years, Britain was under the Roman occupation, though it was never a total occupation. 有記錄的英國歷史開始于羅馬人的入侵。 4． The Celts came to Britain in three main waves. 克爾特人來到不列顛有三次高潮。 : 移民： About three million have e to Britain to live and find work since World War II. 自從二戰(zhàn)以來約有三百萬人來英國生活、工作。 Throughout the year they have festivals of song and dance and poetry called Eisteddfodau. The great event of the year is the National Eisteddfod. On these occasions petitions are held in Welsh poetry, music, singing and art. 一年中他們有稱之為 “ 藝術(shù)年會 ” 的唱歌、跳舞、詩歌節(jié)。 The Irish are charm and vivacity. 愛爾蘭人充滿魅力，生性活潑。英國人口組成為：英格蘭人（ %），蘇格蘭人（ %），威爾士人（ %），愛爾蘭人、北愛爾蘭人和其他民族居民。 一年四季盛行的西南風(fēng)和西風(fēng)在冬季從大西洋帶來溫暖、潮濕的空氣，使氣溫適宜； 3） The North Atlantic Drift passes the western coast of the British Isles and warms them. 北大西洋暖流經(jīng)不列顛群島西海岸，使氣候變暖。全年有穩(wěn)定可靠的降雨量，氣溫變化幅度小。 Snowdonia is the highest mountain in Wales.（ 1,085m） 斯諾多尼亞是威爾士的最高點，海拔 1,085 米。全長 336公里。 III. Rivers and Lakes 河流與湖泊 Ben Nevis is the highest mountain in Britain (1,343m). 本尼維斯山為英國最高峰，海拔 1,343米。它位于大西洋北部，與歐洲大陸的北海岸隔海相望。首府：貝爾法斯特。它有三大自然區(qū)：北部高地，中部低地及南部山陵。 (1) England is in the southern part of Great Britain. It is the largest, most populous section. 英格蘭位于大不列顛島南部，是最大，人口最稠密的地區(qū)。第一章 英國的國土與人民 Land and People Chapter 1： Land and People 英國的國土與人民 I. Different Names for Britain and its Parts 英國的不同名稱及其各組成部分 names: the British Isles, Great Britain and England. 地理名稱：不列顛群島，大不列顛和英格蘭。 political divisions on the island of Great Britain: England, Scotland and Wales. 大不列顛島上有三個政治區(qū)：英格蘭、蘇格蘭和威爾士。 the south Uplands) Capital: Edinburgh 蘇格蘭位于大不列顛的北部。首府：加的夫 (4) Northern Ireland is the fourth region of the UK. Capital: Belfast. 北愛爾蘭是英國第四個區(qū)域。 II. Geographical Features 英國的地理特征 position of Britain: 英國的地理位置： Britain is an island country surrounded by the sea. It lies in the North Atlantic Ocean off the north coast of Europe. It is separated from the rest of Europe by the English Channel in the south and the North Sea in the east. 英國是一個島國。 and the east and southeast are mostly lowlands. 英國的西部和北部主要是高地，東部和東南部主要是低地。 Thames River is the second longest and most important river in Britain. (336km). 泰晤士河是英國第二大河，也是英國最重要的河。 River Clyde is the most important river in Scotland. 克萊德河是蘇格蘭最重要的河流。s favorable climate 英國有利的氣候條件： Britain has a maritime climatewinters are not too cold and summers are not too hot. It has a steady reliable rainfall throughout the whole year. The temperature varies within a small range. 英國屬于海洋性氣候：冬季不過于寒冷，夏季不過于炎熱。冬天，海水可使島內(nèi)氣溫升高，夏天則使氣溫降低，從而起到平衡季節(jié)溫差的作用； 2） The prevailing southwest winds or the Westerlies blow over the country all the year round bringing warm and wet air in winter and keeping the temperatures moderate。 V. The People 人口 distribution 人口分布： Britain has a population of about 57 millions and it is very unevenly distributed. 90% of the population is urban and only 10% is rural. The population of Britain is made up mainly of the English (%), the Scottish (%), the Welsh (%), the Irish (%), the Northern Irish (%) and other peoples (%). 英國人口約 570 萬，分布極不均勻， 90%是城市人口，只有 10%是農(nóng)村人口。 The Scots are said to be a serious, cautious and thrifty people, and they are also hospitable, generous and friendly. 蘇格蘭人通常被認(rèn)為嚴(yán)肅、謹(jǐn)慎而且節(jié)儉，但是他們同樣也熱情、大方且友好。 Welsh keep their language and culture in this way: 威爾士人以這樣的方式使他們的語言及文化保持活力。 main problem in Northern Ireland: 北愛爾蘭存在的主要問題： The fight between the Protestants who are the dominant group, and the Roman Catholics, who are seeking more social, political and economic opportunities. 作為統(tǒng)治者的新教徒和要求更多社會、政治及經(jīng)濟(jì)權(quán)利的羅馬天主教徒之間的斗爭。 3． The Celts began to arrive Britain about 700 BC. 約公元前 700 年，克爾特人來到不列顛島。 The third wave were the Belgaecame about 150 BC. 第三次是約公元前 150 年比利其人的到達(dá)。將近四百年里，英國人處于羅馬人的占領(lǐng)下，但這并非是完全的占領(lǐng)。 for limited Roman influence on Britain. 羅馬對不列顛的影響有限的原因。 前些天，網(wǎng)友 Samy 給了我一個很好的建議。 Summary: This is the second part of Chapter 2 (The Origins of a Nation). It introduced some important events and important people in England from 446 to 1066. These most important events are The AnglosSaxons’ invasion。 III. The AngloSaxons (446871) 盎格魯 — 撒克遜人（公元 446— 871年） 1． Basis of Modern English race: the AngloSaxons. 盎格魯 — 薩克遜時代（奠定了英國的基礎(chǔ)） In the mid5th century a new wave of invaders, Jutes, Saxons, and Angles came to Britain. They were three Teutonic tribes. The Jutes, who fished a