【正文】 第一章 英國的國土與人民 Land and People Chapter 1： Land and People 英國的國土與人民 I. Different Names for Britain and its Parts 英國的不同名稱及其各組成部分 names: the British Isles, Great Britain and England. 地理名稱：不列顛群島，大不列顛和英格蘭。 name: the United Kingdom of Great Britain and Northern Ireland. 官方正式名稱：大不列顛及北愛爾蘭聯(lián)合王國。 British Isles are made up of two large islandsGreat Britain (the larger one) and Ireland, and hundreds of small ones. 不列顛群島由兩個大島 — 大不列顛島（較大的一個）和愛爾蘭島，及成千上萬個小島組成。 political divisions on the island of Great Britain: England, Scotland and Wales. 大不列顛島上有三個政治區(qū)：英格蘭、蘇格蘭和威爾士。 (1) England is in the southern part of Great Britain. It is the largest, most populous section. 英格蘭位于大不列顛島南部，是最大，人口最稠密的地區(qū)。 (2) Scotland is in the north of Great Britain. It has three natural zones (the Highlands in the north。 the Central lowlands。 the south Uplands) Capital: Edinburgh 蘇格蘭位于大不列顛的北部。它有三大自然區(qū)：北部高地，中部低地及南部山陵。 首府：愛丁堡。 (3) Wales is in the west of Great Britain. Capital: Cardiff 威爾士位于大不列顛的西部。首府：加的夫 (4) Northern Ireland is the fourth region of the UK. Capital: Belfast. 北愛爾蘭是英國第四個區(qū)域。首府：貝爾法斯特。 Commonwealth (of nations) is a free association of independent countries that were once colonies of Britain. It was founded in 1931, and has 50 member countries until 1991. 英聯(lián)邦是 曾為英國殖民地的、但現(xiàn)已獨立國家所構(gòu)成的自由聯(lián)合體。它成立于 1931 年，至 1990年止已有 50 個成員國。 II. Geographical Features 英國的地理特征 position of Britain: 英國的地理位置： Britain is an island country surrounded by the sea. It lies in the North Atlantic Ocean off the north coast of Europe. It is separated from the rest of Europe by the English Channel in the south and the North Sea in the east. 英國是一個島國。它位于大西洋北部，與歐洲大陸的北海岸隔海相望。南面的英吉利海峽和東面的北海將它與歐洲其它部分隔開。 north and west of Britain are mainly highlands。 and the east and southeast are mostly lowlands. 英國的西部和北部主要是高地，東部和東南部主要是低地。 III. Rivers and Lakes 河流與湖泊 Ben Nevis is the highest mountain in Britain (1,343m). 本尼維斯山為英國最高峰，海拔 1,343米。 Severn River is the longest river in Britain (338km). 塞文河是英國最長的河流。全長 338 公里。 Thames River is the second longest and most important river in Britain. (336km). 泰晤士河是英國第二大河，也是英國最重要的河。全長 336公里。 Lough Neagh is the largest lake in Britain which is located in Northern Ireland. (396 square kilometres). 訥湖（內(nèi)伊湖）是英 國最大的湖，位于北愛爾蘭。面積為 396平方公里。 River Clyde is the most important river in Scotland. 克萊德河是蘇格蘭最重要的河流。 Snowdonia is the highest mountain in Wales.（ 1,085m） 斯諾多尼亞是威爾士的最高點，海拔 1,085 米。 IV. Climate 氣候 1. Britain39。39。s favorable climate 英國有利的氣候條件： Britain has a maritime climatewinters are not too cold and summers are not too hot. It has a steady reliable rainfall throughout the whole year. The temperature varies within a small range. 英國屬于海洋性氣候：冬季不過于寒冷，夏季不過于炎熱。全年有穩(wěn)定可靠的降雨量，氣溫變化幅度小。 factors influence the climate in Britain: 影響英國氣候的因素： 1） The surrounding waters tend to balance the seasonal differences by heating up the land in winter and cooling it off in summer。 環(huán)繞四周的海水。冬天，海水可使島內(nèi)氣溫升高，夏天則使氣溫降低，從而起到平衡季節(jié)溫差的作用； 2） The prevailing southwest winds or the Westerlies blow over the country all the year round bringing warm and wet air in winter and keeping the temperatures moderate。 一年四季盛行的西南風和西風在冬季從大西洋帶來溫暖、潮濕的空氣，使氣溫適宜； 3） The North Atlantic Drift passes the western coast of the British Isles and warms them. 北大西洋暖流經(jīng)不列顛群島西海岸，使氣候變暖。 降雨量： Britain has a steady reliable rainfall throughout the whole year. The average annual rainfall in Britain is over 1,000mm. There is a water surplus in the north and west, and a water deficit in the south and east. 英國全年降雨量穩(wěn)定，平均降雨量超過 1000 毫米。 英國北部、西部雨量過多，但是南部、東部有所缺乏。 V. The People 人口 distribution 人口分布： Britain has a population of about 57 millions and it is very unevenly distributed. 90% of the population is urban and only 10% is rural. The population of Britain is made up mainly of the English (%), the Scottish (%), the Welsh (%), the Irish (%), the Northern Irish (%) and other peoples (%). 英國人口約 570 萬，分布極不均勻， 90%是城市人口，只有 10%是農(nóng)村人口。英國人口組成為：英格蘭人（ %），蘇格蘭人（ %），威爾士人（ %），愛爾蘭人、北愛爾蘭人和其他民族居民。 difference between the ancestors of the English and Scots, Welsh and Irish: 英倫三島民族的祖先： The ancestors of the English are AngloSaxons, the Scots, Welsh and Irish are Celts. 英格蘭人祖先屬于盎格魯 — 薩克遜人，而蘇格蘭、威爾士和愛爾蘭人屬于凱爾特人。 difference in character 個性差別： The Welsh are emotional and cheerful people. They are music lovers and are proud of their past. 威爾士人感情豐富，情緒 高漲，熱愛音樂，為過去感到自豪。 The Scots are said to be a serious, cautious and thrifty people, and they are also hospitable, generous and friendly. 蘇格蘭人通常被認為嚴肅、謹慎而且節(jié)儉，但是他們同樣也熱情、大方且友好。 The Irish are charm and vivacity. 愛爾蘭人充滿魅力，生性活潑。 difference in speech between southern England and northern England: 英格蘭南方人和北方人語言上的差別： Southerners speak the type of English close to BBC English。 In northern England, regional speech is usually broader than that of southern England. 南方人講的英語接近 BBC，北英格蘭人的發(fā)音通常要比南英格蘭人寬。 Welsh keep their language and culture in this way: 威爾士人以這樣的方式使他們的語言及文化保持活力。 Throughout the year they have festivals of song and dance and poetry called Eisteddfodau. The great event of the year is the National Eisteddfod. On these occasions petitions are held in Welsh poetry, music, singing and art. 一年中他們有稱之為 “ 藝術(shù)年會 ” 的唱歌、跳舞、詩歌節(jié)。一年中最重要的節(jié)日是全國詩歌音樂比賽會。在那里會舉行威爾士詩歌、音樂、唱歌和藝術(shù)比賽。 main problem in Northern Ireland: 北愛爾蘭存在的主要問題： The fight between the Protestants who are the dominant group, and the Roman Catholics, who are seeking more social, political and economic opportunities. 作為統(tǒng)治者的新教徒和要求更多社會、政治及經(jīng)濟權(quán)利的羅馬天主教徒之間的斗爭。 : 移民： About three million have e to Britain to live and find work since World War II. 自從二戰(zhàn)以來約有三百萬人來英國生活、工作。 第二章 英國的起源 The Origins of a Nation Chapter 2： The Origins of a Nation (5000BC1066) 英國的起源（公元前 5000 年 — 1066 年） Settlers （ 5000BC55BC）早期的居民（公元前 5000 年 — 公元前 55 年） 1． The first known settlers of Britain were the Iberians. 人們所知的英國最早居民