【正文】 是伊比利來人。 2． At about 2020 BC the Beaker Folk arrived from the areas now know as Holland and Rhineland. 約公元前 2020年，從現(xiàn)在的荷蘭和萊茵蘭地區(qū)來了寬口陶器人。 3． The Celts began to arrive Britain about 700 BC. 約公元前 700 年，克爾特人來到不列顛島。 4． The Celts came to Britain in three main waves. 克爾特人來到不列顛有三次高潮。 The first wave were the Gaelscame about 600 BC. 第一次高潮是約公元前 600年蓋爾人的來臨。 The second wave were the Brythonscame about 400 BC. 第二次高潮是約公元前 400年布立吞（不列顛）人的抵達(dá)。 The third wave were the Belgaecame about 150 BC. 第三次是約公元前 150 年比利其人的到達(dá)。 II. Roman Britain (55BC410AD) 羅馬人統(tǒng)治時期的英國（公元前 55 年 — 410年） recorded history begins with the Roman invasion. In 55BC and 54BC, Julius Caesar, a Roman general, invaded Britain twice. In AD 43, the Emperor Claudius invaded Britain successfully. For nearly 400 years, Britain was under the Roman occupation, though it was never a total occupation. 有記錄的英國歷史開始于羅馬人的入侵。公元前 55 年和 54年，羅馬將軍朱略斯 ?凱撒兩次入侵英國，均未成功。直到公元 43 年，克勞鍬才成功占領(lǐng)不列顛。將近四百年里，英國人處于羅馬人的占領(lǐng)下，但這并非是完全的占領(lǐng)。 2. Roman’s influence on Britain. The Roman built many towns, road, baths, temples and buildings. They make good use of Britain’s natural re sources. They also brought the new religion, Christianity, to Britain. 羅馬人修建了許多城鎮(zhèn)網(wǎng)，道路，澡堂，廟宇和其他建筑物。他們還很好地利用了英國的自然資源。羅馬人還把基督教這門新宗教帶到不列顛。 for limited Roman influence on Britain. 羅馬對不列顛的影響有限的原因。 First, the Romans always treated the Britons as a subject people of slave class. Second, never during the 4 centuries did the Romans and Britons intermarry. Third, the Romans had no impact on the language or culture of ordinary Britons. 首先，羅馬人把不列顛人當(dāng)作奴隸階段的屬民來對待。其次，在四世紀(jì)對羅馬人和不列顛人通婚。最后，羅馬人也未影響普通不列顛人的語言和文化。 前些天，網(wǎng)友 Samy 給了我一個很好的建議。就是在每個部分的講解前，先簡要介紹一下本次講解的內(nèi)容。我也覺得有了這樣的簡要介紹，就可以使你們一目了然，然后再看后面的具體內(nèi)容，就比較容易理解。但是由于這個簡要是我自己歸納而成，有些地方可能還存在一些缺陷，還望廣大朋友能夠諒解。 Summary: This is the second part of Chapter 2 (The Origins of a Nation). It introduced some important events and important people in England from 446 to 1066. These most important events are The AnglosSaxons’ invasion。 The Viking and Danish Invasions and The Norman Conquest. (簡要：這是第二章 “ 國家的起源 ” 的第二部分。在這一部分里，主要是介紹了英國從公元 446 年到1066 年所發(fā)生的重要事件及人物。這些重要事件分別是盎格魯 — 撒克遜人的入侵，北歐海盜和丹麥人的入侵及諾曼征服 )。 III. The AngloSaxons (446871) 盎格魯 — 撒克遜人（公元 446— 871年） 1． Basis of Modern English race: the AngloSaxons. 盎格魯 — 薩克遜時代（奠定了英國的基礎(chǔ)） In the mid5th century a new wave of invaders, Jutes, Saxons, and Angles came to Britain. They were three Teutonic tribes. The Jutes, who fished and farmed in Jutland, came to Britain first. A Jutish chief became the King of Kent in 449. Then the Saxons, users of the shortsword from northern Germany, established their kingdom in Essex, Sussex and Wessex from the end of the 5th century to the beginning of the 6th century. In the second half of the 6th century. In the second half of the 6th century, the Angles, who also came from northern Germany and were to give their name to the English people, settled in East Anglia, Mercia and Northumbria. These seven principal kingdoms of Kent, Essex, Sussex, Wessex, East Anglia, Mercia and Northumbria have been given the name of Heptarchy. 五世紀(jì)中葉，朱特人、撒克遜人和盎格魯人不斷入侵不列顛。這是三支日耳曼（條頓）部落。 居住在朱特蘭島（現(xiàn)丹麥南部）上從事打漁農(nóng)耕的朱特人先抵不列顛。后來從德國北部來的使用短劍的撒克遜人在埃撒克斯、蘇塞克斯和威塞克斯建立了王國，統(tǒng)治期 從五世紀(jì)末至六世紀(jì)初。六世紀(jì)后半葉，同樣來自德國北部的盎格魯人，在東盎格利亞、麥西亞以及諾森伯利來定居，同時也他們也把名字給了英國人。這七個主要王國（肯特、埃塞克斯、蘇塞克斯、威塞克斯、東盎格利亞、麥西亞和諾森伯利亞），合稱為七王國。 2． The early AngloSaxons converted to Christianity. 最早的盎格魯 — 撒克遜人改信基督教。 The AngloSaxons brought their own Teutonic religion to Britain. Christianity soon disappeared, except among the Celts of Cornwall, Wales, Scotland and Ireland. In 597, Pope Gregory I sent St. Augustine, the Prior of St. Andrew’s Monastery in Rome, to England to convert the heathen English to Christianity. In 579 St. Augustine became the first Archbishop of Canterbury. He was remarkably successful in converting the king and the nobility, but the conversion of the mon people was largely due to the missionary activities of the monks in the north. 盎格魯 — 撒克遜人把日耳曼宗教帶到了英國。除了康瓦爾、威爾士、蘇格蘭和愛爾蘭中的克爾特人還信奉基督教外，基督教很快就消失了。公元 597，教皇格里高一世把羅馬圣安德魯修道院的副院長圣奧古斯丁派遣到英格蘭，其使命是使異教徒的英國人皈依基督教。公元 579年圣奧古丁成為坎特伯雷大主教。在使國王和貴族皈依基督教方面，奧古斯丁特別成功。但是普通人的皈依很大程度上歸功于北部修士們的傳教活動。 3． The Early AngloSaxons make the contributions to the English state. 早期盎格魯 — 撒克遜人為英國做出的貢獻(xiàn)。 The AngloSaxons laid the foundations of the English state. Firstly, they divided the country into shires, with shire courts and shire reeves, or sheriffs, responsible for administering law. Secondly, they devised the narrowstrip, threefield farming system which continued to the 18th century. Thirdly, they also established the manorial system. Finally, they created the Witan（ council or meeting of the wisemen） to advise the king, the basis of the Privy Council which still exists today. 盎格魯 — 撒克遜人為英國國家的形成打下了基礎(chǔ)。首先，他們把國家劃分為郡，郡法庭和郡法官、或行政司法長官負(fù)責(zé)執(zhí)法。其次，他們設(shè)計的窄條三圃田農(nóng)耕制延用至 18世紀(jì)。此外，他們還建立了領(lǐng)地制。最后，他們還創(chuàng)立了議會 (賢人會議 )，向國王提供建議，這就成為了今天仍存在的樞密院的基礎(chǔ)。 IV． Viking and Danish invasions 北歐海盜和丹麥人的入侵 1． The invaders were the Norwegians and the Danes. They attacked various parts of England from the end of the 8th century. They became a serious problem in the 9th century, especially between 835 and 878. They even managed to capture York, an important center of Christianity in 867. By the middle of 9th century, the Viking and the Danes were posing a threat to the Saxon kingdom of Wessex. 入侵者是挪威人和丹麥人，從 8 世紀(jì)末開始，他們不斷襲擊英格蘭的各個地方。 9世紀(jì)，尤其是公元835878年間已成為嚴(yán)重問題。他們甚至占領(lǐng)了約克郡，公元 867 年時的基督教中心。到 9 世紀(jì)中葉，北歐海盜和丹麥人威脅到撒克遜人的威撒克斯王國的安全。 2． King Alfred (849899) and his contributions 艾爾弗雷德國王（ 849899）和他所做出的貢獻(xiàn) Alfred was a king of Wessex. He defeated the Danes and reached a friendly agreement with them in 879. The Danes gained control of the north and east, while he ruled the rest. He also converted some leading Danes into Christians. He founded a strong fleet and is known as “ the father of the British navy”. He rea