【正文】 d has 50 member countries until 1991. 英聯(lián)邦是 曾為英國殖民地的、但現(xiàn)已獨(dú)立國家所構(gòu)成的自由聯(lián)合體。 首府：愛丁堡。 (2) Scotland is in the north of Great Britain. It has three natural zones (the Highlands in the north。 name: the United Kingdom of Great Britain and Northern Ireland. 官方正式名稱：大不列顛及北愛爾蘭聯(lián)合王國。 British Isles are made up of two large islandsGreat Britain (the larger one) and Ireland, and hundreds of small ones. 不列顛群島由兩個(gè)大島 — 大不列顛島（較大的一個(gè)）和愛爾蘭島，及成千上萬個(gè)小島組成。 the Central lowlands。 (3) Wales is in the west of Great Britain. Capital: Cardiff 威爾士位于大不列顛的西部。它成立于 1931 年，至 1990年止已有 50 個(gè)成員國。 north and west of Britain are mainly highlands。全長 338 公里。面積為 396平方公里。39。 環(huán)繞四周的海水。 英國北部、西部雨量過多，但是南部、東部有所缺乏。 difference in character 個(gè)性差別： The Welsh are emotional and cheerful people. They are music lovers and are proud of their past. 威爾士人感情豐富，情緒 高漲，熱愛音樂，為過去感到自豪。 In northern England, regional speech is usually broader than that of southern England. 南方人講的英語接近 BBC，北英格蘭人的發(fā)音通常要比南英格蘭人寬。在那里會(huì)舉行威爾士詩歌、音樂、唱歌和藝術(shù)比賽。 2． At about 2020 BC the Beaker Folk arrived from the areas now know as Holland and Rhineland. 約公元前 2020年，從現(xiàn)在的荷蘭和萊茵蘭地區(qū)來了寬口陶器人。 The second wave were the Brythonscame about 400 BC. 第二次高潮是約公元前 400年布立吞（不列顛）人的抵達(dá)。直到公元 43 年，克勞鍬才成功占領(lǐng)不列顛。羅馬人還把基督教這門新宗教帶到不列顛。最后，羅馬人也未影響普通不列顛人的語言和文化。但是由于這個(gè)簡要是我自己歸納而成，有些地方可能還存在一些缺陷，還望廣大朋友能夠諒解。這些重要事件分別是盎格魯 — 撒克遜人的入侵，北歐海盜和丹麥人的入侵及諾曼征服 )。后來從德國北部來的使用短劍的撒克遜人在埃撒克斯、蘇塞克斯和威塞克斯建立了王國，統(tǒng)治期 從五世紀(jì)末至六世紀(jì)初。 The AngloSaxons brought their own Teutonic religion to Britain. Christianity soon disappeared, except among the Celts of Cornwall, Wales, Scotland and Ireland. In 597, Pope Gregory I sent St. Augustine, the Prior of St. Andrew’s Monastery in Rome, to England to convert the heathen English to Christianity. In 579 St. Augustine became the first Archbishop of Canterbury. He was remarkably successful in converting the king and the nobility, but the conversion of the mon people was largely due to the missionary activities of the monks in the north. 盎格魯 — 撒克遜人把日耳曼宗教帶到了英國。在使國王和貴族皈依基督教方面，奧古斯丁特別成功。首先，他們把國家劃分為郡，郡法庭和郡法官、或行政司法長官負(fù)責(zé)執(zhí)法。 IV． Viking and Danish invasions 北歐海盜和丹麥人的入侵 1． The invaders were the Norwegians and the Danes. They attacked various parts of England from the end of the 8th century. They became a serious problem in the 9th century, especially between 835 and 878. They even managed to capture York, an important center of Christianity in 867. By the middle of 9th century, the Viking and the Danes were posing a threat to the Saxon kingdom of Wessex. 入侵者是挪威人和丹麥人，從 8 世紀(jì)末開始，他們不斷襲擊英格蘭的各個(gè)地方。 2． King Alfred (849899) and his contributions 艾爾弗雷德國王（ 849899）和他所做出的貢獻(xiàn) Alfred was a king of Wessex. He defeated the Danes and reached a friendly agreement with them in 879. The Danes gained control of the north and east, while he ruled the rest. He also converted some leading Danes into Christians. He founded a strong fleet and is known as “ the father of the British navy”. He reanized the Saxon army, making it more efficient. He translated a Latin book into English. He also established schools and formulated a legal system. All this earns him the title “Alf red the Great.” 阿爾弗雷德是威塞克斯的國王。 他因?yàn)榻⒘藦?qiáng)大艦隊(duì)，而以 “ 英國海軍之父 ” 聞名于世。所有這一切使他當(dāng)之無愧于 “ 阿爾弗雷德大王。公元 1066 年 10 月，在哈斯丁斯附近的激烈交鋒中， 威廉打敗了哈羅德軍隊(duì)，同時(shí)哈羅德也在此戰(zhàn)爭中戰(zhàn)死。他用強(qiáng)有力的諾曼政府代替了軟弱的薩克遜政府。 3． The English is a mixture of nationalities of different origins. The ancestors of many English people were the ancient Angles and Saxons. Some English people are of the NormanFrench origin. 英國是一個(gè)集不同民族于一體的國家。39。39。 ② 根據(jù)此制度，國王擁有全國所有土地。 ⑥ 在封建等級底層的是農(nóng)奴。 recalled grants of Royal lands made by his previous king Stephen。 The ways Henry II reform the courts and the law. 亨利二世對法院及法律進(jìn)行改革的方式。39。在他統(tǒng)治時(shí)期，逐漸建立起超越地方領(lǐng)主法律的普遍法。 (2) no freemen should be arrested, imprisoned or deprived of their property。盡管人們普遍認(rèn)為《大憲章》為英國的自由奠定了基礎(chǔ)，但該憲章只是規(guī)定國王和貴族之間封建關(guān)系和法律關(guān)系的文件，保證了教會(huì)的自由，限制了國王權(quán)利。大議會(huì)發(fā)展到后來演變成議會(huì)，分為上議院和下議院。39。39。弗蘭德斯地區(qū)生產(chǎn)棉布的城鎮(zhèn)是英國羊毛的主要進(jìn)口商，但這些城鎮(zhèn)在政治上卻效忠法國國王。39。 黑死病對經(jīng)濟(jì)造成的后果更為深遠(yuǎn)。于是一些支付不起或不愿意支付較高工資的地主想方設(shè)法迫使農(nóng)民重返農(nóng)奴地位。大多數(shù)起義農(nóng)民解散回家，但泰勒和其他堅(jiān)決的農(nóng)民留下來要求得到更多的法律、宗教和政治權(quán)利。這次起義沉重打擊了封建農(nóng)奴制度，產(chǎn)生了全新的 自耕農(nóng)階級，為資本主義發(fā)展鋪設(shè)了道路。 II. The English Reformation 英國的宗教改革 Henry VIII was above all responsible for the religious reform of the church. There were three main causes: a desire for change and reform in the church had been growing for many years and now, encouraged by the success of Martin Luther, many people believed its time had e。 The reform began as a struggle for a divorce and ended in freedom from the Papacy. Henry VIII wanted to divorce Catherine of Aragon but the Pope refused. Henry’s reforms was to get rid of the English Church’s connection with the Pope, and to make an independent Church of England. He made this break with Rome gradually between 1529 and 1534. He dissolved all of England’s monasteries and nunneries because they were more loyal to the Pope than to their English kings. The laws such as the Act of succession of 1534 and the Act of Supremacy of 1535 made his reform possible. He established the church of England as the national church of the country, and he made himself the supreme head of the church of England. 改革以爭取離婚而開始，以脫離教皇而告終。他解散了所有英國的修道院和修女院，因?yàn)楹笳邔袒时葘τ鴩醺艺\。 Parliament had never done such a long and important piece of work before, its importance grew as a result. His attack on the Pope’s power encouraged many critics of abuses of the Catholic Church. England was moving away form Catholicism towards protestaintism. 改革的三大影響：亨利的改革強(qiáng)調(diào)了君主權(quán)力，自然加強(qiáng)了亨利的地位；議會(huì)以往從未做過如此漫長而重要的工作，自然 其重要性也有所加強(qiáng)；他對教皇權(quán)力的打擊鼓舞許多人批評指責(zé)天主教會(huì)，并希望從天主教轉(zhuǎn)向新教。39。39。 近 30 年的時(shí)間，伊莉莎白成功地令兩大天主教強(qiáng)國法國和西 班牙互相斗殺，從而免于英國卷入任何主要的歐洲國的沖突。 3) Owing to the great genius of the 14th century poet Chaucer, the native literature was sufficiently vigorous and experienced in assimilating for foreign influences without being subjected by them。最后查爾斯被處死。英國內(nèi)戰(zhàn)不僅推翻了英國的封建制度，而且動(dòng)搖了歐洲封建經(jīng)濟(jì)的基礎(chǔ)。s generals Gee Monck, occupied London and arranged for