【正文】 an independent Church of England. He made this break with Rome gradually between 1529 and 1534. He dissolved all of England’s monasteries and nunneries because they were more loyal to the Pope than to their English kings. The laws such as the Act of succession of 1534 and the Act of Supremacy of 1535 made his reform possible. He established the church of England as the national church of the country, and he made himself the supreme head of the church of England. 改革以爭取離婚而開始，以脫離教皇而告終。 Parliament had never done such a long and important piece of work before, its importance grew as a result. His attack on the Pope’s power encouraged many critics of abuses of the Catholic Church. England was moving away form Catholicism towards protestaintism. 改革的三大影響：亨利的改革強調了君主權力，自然加強了亨利的地位；議會以往從未做過如此漫長而重要的工作，自然 其重要性也有所加強；他對教皇權力的打擊鼓舞許多人批評指責天主教會，并希望從天主教轉向新教。39。 3) Owing to the great genius of the 14th century poet Chaucer, the native literature was sufficiently vigorous and experienced in assimilating for foreign influences without being subjected by them。英國內戰(zhàn)不僅推翻了英國的封建制度，而且動搖了歐洲封建經濟的基礎。 1660年選出的議會要求上一任國王的兒子長期流亡地法國回國作國王查爾斯二世，從而解決了危機。 The Gunpowder Plot of 1605 1605 年 The Gunpowder Plot of 1605 was the most famous of the Catholic conspiracies. On Nov. 5,1605, a few fanatical Catholics attempted to blow King James and his ministers up in the House of Parliament where Guy Fawkes had planted barrels of gunpowder in the cellars. The immediate result was the execution of Fawkes and his fellowcons。 The Glorious Revolution of 1688 1688 年光榮革命 In 1685 Charles II died and was succeeded by his brother James II. James was brought up in exile in Europe, was a Catholic. He hoped to rule without giving up his personal religious vies. But England was no more tolerant of a Catholic king in 1688 than 40 years ago. So the English politicians rejected James II, and appealed to a Protestant king, William of Orange, to invade and take the English throne. William landed in England in 1688. The takeover was relatively smooth, with no bloodshed, nor any execution of the king. This was known as the Glorious Revolution. 1685年查爾斯二世去世，由其弟詹姆斯二世繼位。 The Restoration 王政復辟 When Oliver Cromwell died in 1658 and was succeeded by his son, Richard, the regime began to collapse. One of Cromwell39。 VI. The Civil Wars and their consequences 內戰(zhàn) Because of the absolute rule of Charles, the confrontation between Charles I and the parliament developed into the civil war. The war began on August 22,1642 and ended in 1651. Charles I was condemned to death. The English Civil War is also called the Puritan Revolution. It has been seen as a conflict between the parliament and the King, and a conflict between economic interests of the Crown. The economic interests of the urban middle classed coincided with their religious ( Puritan) ideology while the Crown’s traditional economic interests correspondingly allied with Anglican religious belief. The English Civil War not only overthrew feudal system in England but also shook the foundation of the feudal rule in Europe. It is generally regarded as the beginning of modern world history. 由于查爾斯的 “ 君權神授 ” 統(tǒng)治權，他與議會的對質發(fā)展成了內戰(zhàn)。她中斷瑪麗與羅馬的關系，恢復父王獨立的英格蘭教會，也就是說保持天主教教條及習俗，但不受教皇控制。39。亨利改革的目的是擺脫英國教會與教皇的聯系，成立獨立的英格蘭教會。 1485年，蘭開斯特家族的后代亨利都鐸取得了博斯沃恩戰(zhàn)役的勝利，建立了都鐸王朝。 VI. The Peasant Uprising of 1381 and its significance 1381 年農民起義及其意義 Armed villagers and townsmen of Kent and Essex, led by Wat Tyler and Jack Straw, moved on London in June, 1381. The king was forced to accept their demands. Most of the rebels dispersed and went home, while Tyler and other leaders stayed on for more rights. Tyler was killed at a meeting with the king. The uprising was brutally suppressed, but it had farreaching significance in English history. First, it directed against the rich clergy, lawyers and the landowners. Second, it dealt a telling blow to villeinage, and third, a new class of yeomen farmers emerged, paving the way to the development of capitalism. 1381 年 6 月，在瓦特 泰勒和杰克 斯特勞領導下，凱特郡和埃塞克斯郡的農民和市民武裝起來發(fā)動起義，并向倫敦進發(fā)。 1348 年夏天橫掃全英國。領土起因尤其是與英國國王擁有法國的阿基坦大片公爵領地有密切關系，隨著法國國王勢力日增，他們渴望占領這片在他們領土內的土地。議會的最重要的部分是上議院。 (4) London and other towns should retain their traditional rights and privileges, and (5) there should be the same weights and measures throughout the country. Although The Great Charter has long been popularly regarded as the foundation of English liberties, it was a statement of the feudal and legal relationships between the Crown and the barons, a guarantee of the freedom of the Church and a limitation of the powers of the king. The spirit of the Great Charter was the limitation of the powers of the king, keeping them within the bounds of the feudal law of the land. 《大憲章》是約翰國王 1215年在封建貴族壓力下簽定的。他將全國分為六個審制區(qū)。 strengthened and widened the powers of his sheriffs and relied for armed support upon a militia posed of English freemen. 亨利二世采取了一些措施鞏固君主制。 ④ 這些地產分散于各處，這樣土地擁有者就不易聯合起來反叛國王。39。開放了與歐洲大陸的關系，文明和商業(yè)得到發(fā)展，引進了諾曼 — 法國文化、語言、舉止和建筑。 V． The Norman Conquest (1066) 諾曼征服（公元 1066年） 1． Reasons for William’s invasion of England after Edward’s death. 威廉在愛德華死后入侵英國的原因。協(xié)議規(guī)定丹麥人控制英格蘭北部和西部（丹麥法區(qū)），而他統(tǒng)治其他地區(qū)。此外，他們還建立了領地制。公元 597，教皇格里高一世把羅馬圣安德魯修道院的副院長圣奧古斯丁派遣到英格蘭，其使命是使異教徒的英國人皈依基督教。這是三支日耳曼（條頓）部落。就是在每個部分的講解前，先簡要介紹一下本次講解的內容。 2. Roman’s influence on Britain. The Roman built many towns, road, baths, temples and buildings. They make good use of Britain’s natural re sources. They also brought the new religion, Christianity, to Britain. 羅馬人修建了許多城鎮(zhèn)網，道路，澡堂，廟宇和其他建筑物。 4． The Celts came to Britain in three main waves. 克爾特人來到不列顛有三次高潮。 Throughout the year they have festivals of song and dance and poetry called Eisteddfodau. The great event of the year is the National Eisteddfod. On these occasions petitions are held in Welsh poetry, music, singing and art. 一年中他們有稱之為 “ 藝術年會 ” 的唱歌、跳舞、詩歌節(jié)。英國人口組成為：英格蘭