【正文】 The Gunpowder Plot of 1605 1605 年 The Gunpowder Plot of 1605 was the most famous of the Catholic conspiracies. On Nov. 5,1605, a few fanatical Catholics attempted to blow King James and his ministers up in the House of Parliament where Guy Fawkes had planted barrels of gunpowder in the cellars. The immediate result was the execution of Fawkes and his fellowcons。 1688年11 月 15日威廉在托爾比登陸并占領(lǐng)倫敦。但是 1688的英國已不象 40年前那樣能容忍天主教徒當(dāng)國王了。 The Glorious Revolution of 1688 1688 年光榮革命 In 1685 Charles II died and was succeeded by his brother James II. James was brought up in exile in Europe, was a Catholic. He hoped to rule without giving up his personal religious vies. But England was no more tolerant of a Catholic king in 1688 than 40 years ago. So the English politicians rejected James II, and appealed to a Protestant king, William of Orange, to invade and take the English throne. William landed in England in 1688. The takeover was relatively smooth, with no bloodshed, nor any execution of the king. This was known as the Glorious Revolution. 1685年查爾斯二世去世，由其弟詹姆斯二世繼位。 1660年選出的議會要求上一任國王的兒子長期流亡地法國回國作國王查爾斯二世，從而解決了危機(jī)。s son to return from his exile in France as king Charles II. It was called the Restoration. 1658 年奧利弗克倫威爾去世，他的兒子理查德繼任護(hù)國公，政權(quán)立即開始瓦解。s generals Gee Monck, occupied London and arranged for new parliamentary elections. The Parliament thus was elected in 1660 resolved the crisis by asking the late King39。 The Restoration 王政復(fù)辟 When Oliver Cromwell died in 1658 and was succeeded by his son, Richard, the regime began to collapse. One of Cromwell39。英國內(nèi)戰(zhàn)不僅推翻了英國的封建制度，而且動搖了歐洲封建經(jīng)濟(jì)的基礎(chǔ)。這是議會和國王間的沖突，也是城市中產(chǎn)階級的經(jīng)濟(jì)利益與皇室傳統(tǒng)經(jīng)濟(jì)利益之間的沖突。最后查爾斯被處死。 VI. The Civil Wars and their consequences 內(nèi)戰(zhàn) Because of the absolute rule of Charles, the confrontation between Charles I and the parliament developed into the civil war. The war began on August 22,1642 and ended in 1651. Charles I was condemned to death. The English Civil War is also called the Puritan Revolution. It has been seen as a conflict between the parliament and the King, and a conflict between economic interests of the Crown. The economic interests of the urban middle classed coincided with their religious ( Puritan) ideology while the Crown’s traditional economic interests correspondingly allied with Anglican religious belief. The English Civil War not only overthrew feudal system in England but also shook the foundation of the feudal rule in Europe. It is generally regarded as the beginning of modern world history. 由于查爾斯的 “ 君權(quán)神授 ” 統(tǒng)治權(quán)，他與議會的對質(zhì)發(fā)展成了內(nèi)戰(zhàn)。 3) Owing to the great genius of the 14th century poet Chaucer, the native literature was sufficiently vigorous and experienced in assimilating for foreign influences without being subjected by them。 IV. The English Renaissance 英國文藝復(fù)興 Distinctive features of the English Renaissance 英國文藝復(fù)興的特點(diǎn) 1) English culture was revitalized not so much directly by the classics as by contemporary Europeans under the influence of the classics。 近 30 年的時間，伊莉莎白成功地令兩大天主教強(qiáng)國法國和西 班牙互相斗殺，從而免于英國卷入任何主要的歐洲國的沖突。她中斷瑪麗與羅馬的關(guān)系，恢復(fù)父王獨(dú)立的英格蘭教會，也就是說保持天主教教條及習(xí)俗，但不受教皇控制。39。39。39。39。 Parliament had never done such a long and important piece of work before, its importance grew as a result. His attack on the Pope’s power encouraged many critics of abuses of the Catholic Church. England was moving away form Catholicism towards protestaintism. 改革的三大影響：亨利的改革強(qiáng)調(diào)了君主權(quán)力，自然加強(qiáng)了亨利的地位；議會以往從未做過如此漫長而重要的工作，自然 其重要性也有所加強(qiáng)；他對教皇權(quán)力的打擊鼓舞許多人批評指責(zé)天主教會，并希望從天主教轉(zhuǎn)向新教。 1535年他獲 “ 英格蘭教會最高首腦 ”之稱號。他解散了所有英國的修道院和修女院，因為后者對教皇比對英國國王更忠誠。亨利改革的目的是擺脫英國教會與教皇的聯(lián)系，成立獨(dú)立的英格蘭教會。 The reform began as a struggle for a divorce and ended in freedom from the Papacy. Henry VIII wanted to divorce Catherine of Aragon but the Pope refused. Henry’s reforms was to get rid of the English Church’s connection with the Pope, and to make an independent Church of England. He made this break with Rome gradually between 1529 and 1534. He dissolved all of England’s monasteries and nunneries because they were more loyal to the Pope than to their English kings. The laws such as the Act of succession of 1534 and the Act of Supremacy of 1535 made his reform possible. He established the church of England as the national church of the country, and he made himself the supreme head of the church of England. 改革以爭取離婚而開始，以脫離教皇而告終。 and Henry needed money. 最重要的是，亨利八世負(fù)責(zé)進(jìn)行教會的宗教改革。 II. The English Reformation 英國的宗教改革 Henry VIII was above all responsible for the religious reform of the church. There were three main causes: a desire for change and reform in the church had been growing for many years and now, encouraged by the success of Martin Luther, many people believed its time had e。 1485年，蘭開斯特家族的后代亨利都鐸取得了博斯沃恩戰(zhàn)役的勝利，建立了都鐸王朝。這次起義沉重打擊了封建農(nóng)奴制度，產(chǎn)生了全新的 自耕農(nóng)階級，為資本主義發(fā)展鋪設(shè)了道路。 盡管起義被血腥鎮(zhèn)壓，但在英國歷史上留下了深遠(yuǎn)的影響。大多數(shù)起義農(nóng)民解散回家，但泰勒和其他堅決的農(nóng)民留下來要求得到更多的法律、宗教和政治權(quán)利。 VI. The Peasant Uprising of 1381 and its significance 1381 年農(nóng)民起義及其意義 Armed villagers and townsmen of Kent and Essex, led by Wat Tyler and Jack Straw, moved on London in June, 1381. The king was forced to accept their demands. Most of the rebels dispersed and went home, while Tyler and other leaders stayed on for more rights. Tyler was killed at a meeting with the king. The uprising was brutally suppressed, but it had farreaching significance in English history. First, it directed against the rich clergy, lawyers and the landowners. Second, it dealt a telling blow to villeinage, and third, a new class of yeomen farmers emerged, paving the way to the development of capitalism. 1381 年 6 月，在瓦特 泰勒和杰克 斯特勞領(lǐng)導(dǎo)下，凱特郡和埃塞克斯郡的農(nóng)民和市民武裝起來發(fā)動起義，并向倫敦進(jìn)發(fā)。于是一些支付不起或不愿意支付較高工資的地主想方設(shè)法迫使農(nóng)民重返農(nóng)奴地位。地主想把耕地變?yōu)槿肆π枨筝^ 少的牧場。 黑死病對經(jīng)濟(jì)造成的后果更為深遠(yuǎn)。 1348 年夏天橫掃全英國。39。 戰(zhàn)爭的結(jié)果：把英國人趕出法國對兩個國家都是幸事：若國車人繼續(xù)留在法國，那么法國人在領(lǐng)土和財富上所占的優(yōu)勢必然會阻礙分離的英國民族的發(fā)展；而法國民族被外國勢力占 領(lǐng)了眾多的領(lǐng)土，發(fā)展更是長期受阻。弗蘭德斯地區(qū)生產(chǎn)棉布的城鎮(zhèn)是英國羊毛的主要進(jìn)口商，但這些城鎮(zhèn)在政治上卻效忠法國國王。領(lǐng)土起因尤其是與英國國王擁有法國的阿基坦大片公爵領(lǐng)地有密切關(guān)系，隨著法國國王勢力日增，他們渴望占領(lǐng)這片在