【正文】 contrast B. in plementary distribution C. the allophones D. minimal pair A. voiceless B. voiced C. vowel D. consonantal * 37．__________ is a voiced alveolar stop. A. /z/ B. /d/ C. /k/ D./b/ * assimilation rule assimilates one sound to another by “copying” a feature of a sequential phoneme, thus making the two phones ____________. A. identical B. same C. exactly alike D. similar * are pitch variations, which are caused by the differing rates of vibration of the vocal cords and which can distinguish meaning.* on the context in which stress is considered, there are two kinds of stress: word stress and s_________ stress. Exercises * all the speech organs, the _______ is/ are the most flexible. A. mouth B. lips C. tongue D. vocal cords Exercise * is a discipline which studies the system of sounds of a particular language and how sounds are bined into meaningful units to effect linguistic munication. * transcription of speech sounds with lettersymbols only is called broad transcription while the transcription with lettersymbols together with the diacritics is called n_________ transcription. Exercises * 26. When the obstruction created by the speech organs is total or plete, the speech sound produced with the obstruction audibly released and the air passing out again is called a s________. * features are the phonemic features that occur above the level of the segments. They include stress, tone, intonation, etc. * 24. Of all the speech organs, the t ____ is the most flexible, and is responsible for varieties of articulation than any other. * phonetics describes the way our speech organs work to produce the speech sounds and how they differ. * rules governing the phonological patterning are language specific. A basic way to determine the phonemes of a language is to see if substituting one sound for another results in a change of meaning. * 15.According to the shape of the lips, vowels can be classified into close vowels, semiclose vowels, semiopen vowels and open vowels. Vowel sounds can be differentiated by a number of factors: the position of tongue in the mouth, the openness of the mouth, the shape of the lips, and the length of the vowels. According to the manner of articulation, some of the types into which the consonants can be classified are stops, fricatives, bilabial and alveolar. * of the vocal cords results in a quality of speech sounds called voicing.* 10. * phonetics tries to describe the physical properties of the stream of sounds which a speaker issues with the help of a machine called spectrograph. * two phonetically similar sounds occur in the same environments and they distinguish meaning, they are said to be in plementary distribution. * phone is a phonetic unit that distinguishes meaning. tences.A. lexical B. morphological C. linguistic D. binational * _______ rules may change the syntactic representation of a sentence. A. GenerativeB. Transformational C. XbarD. Phrase structure 習題5Exercises * I. Decide whether each of the following statements is True or False:* 1. * Glottal stop occurs in the English language. * When the vocal cords are held tightly, there is only a narrow passage between them. This is the position when one is breathing normally.* Phonetics studies speech sounds from three different angles. Accordingly, it can be further classified into three subbranches: __________ phonetics, ________ phonetics and ________ phonetics.* The speech organs are also called the ____________, whose secondary use is to produce _____________.Exercises for Lecture IV* The speech organs are contained in three important areas or cavities: the ________________, the ________ and the___________.* At the top of the trachea is the ______, the front of which is the Adam’s apple.* The ____ cavity makes the greatest modification of speech sounds.* Sounds produced while the vocal cords are vibrating are called ______________.* [f, s, p] are of the ________________. * __________ are sounds produced by some form of obstruction of the air stream and may be either voiced or voiceless.Exercises for Lecture IV* For __________ consonants, the obstruction takes place between the lower lip and the front upper teeth. * ________ consonants are made by pletely shutting up the air passage at some points in the mouth and lowering the soft palate to let the air go out through the nose. * That different Ls have different words for the same object is good proof that human language is ________. * ________ are produced in Sindhi which uses the pharynx air to push down the larynx so that the air is sucked into the mouth.* The _____ of a sound depends on the rate of vibration of the vocal cordsExercises for Lecture IV* Phonetics also studies the sound of one’s cough.s petence. * Linguistic potential actually refers to a lot of possibilities to choose from. * The linguistic potential vs actual linguistic behavior distinction is one between what a person “knows” and what he “does”. 習題2Exercises for Lecture IV* _______ and ______ are the two major media used by natural languages for munication. * The limited range of sounds which are meaningful amp。s petence is stable but his performance is often influenced by psychological and social factors. * A speaker39。語言學期末復習參考習題1 Questions on Lecture III * Saussure looks at language from the ____________ point of view, Chomsky looks at language from the _____________ point of view and _______ looks at it from the functional point of view.* _______ refers to the abstract linguistic system shared by all the members of a munity.* ___________ refers to the ideal user’s knowledge of the rules of his language.* Competence is a form of “knowing”。 ________________ is a set